Russeting partially restores apple skin permeability to water vapour

Khanal, Bishnu P.; Ikigu, Godfrey M.; Knoche, Moritz

doi:10.1007/s00425-018-3044-1

Cited by 26 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…This conclusion is based on the following arguments: (1) the appearance of the disorder in ‘Apple’ mango with rough brownish irregular patches surrounded by interconnected light brownish cracks is identical to that previously described for Malus apple [ 7 ]. (2) Cross-sections of the skin of ‘Apple’ mango identified stacks of suberised cells typical for a phellem produced by a phellogen as found in potatoes [ 20 ], Malus apple [ 3 , 13 ], reticulated melon [ 19 ], and grape [ 8 ]. The periderm of ‘Apple’ mango was stained with fluorol yellow, such as that of Malus apple [ 3 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(2) Cross-sections of the skin of ‘Apple’ mango identified stacks of suberised cells typical for a phellem produced by a phellogen as found in potatoes [ 20 ], Malus apple [ 3 , 13 ], reticulated melon [ 19 ], and grape [ 8 ]. The periderm of ‘Apple’ mango was stained with fluorol yellow, such as that of Malus apple [ 3 ]. (3) Russeting in ‘Apple’ mango increased during development.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Russet therefore compromises the visual quality of a fruit and thus excludes it from the high-value export markets. Russet is also associated with increased postharvest water loss, which further compromises postharvest performance [ 3 ]. This requires fruit cartons to be “overpacked” if they are to reach the end consumer at the pre-specified weight.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Russeting in ‘Apple’ Mango: Triggers and Mechanisms

Athoo

Winkler

Knoche

2020

Plants

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Russeting is an important surface disorder of many fruitcrop species. The mango cultivar ‘Apple’ is especially susceptible to russeting. Russeting compromises both fruit appearance and postharvest performance. The objective was to identify factors, mechanisms, and consequences of russeting in ‘Apple’ mango. Russeting was quantified on excised peels using image analysis and a categorical rating scheme. Water vapour loss was determined gravimetrically. The percentage of the skin area exhibiting russet increased during development. Russet began at lenticels then spread across the surface, ultimately forming a network of rough, brown patches over the skin. Cross-sections revealed stacks of phellem cells, typical of a periderm. Russet was more severe on the dorsal surface of the fruit than on the ventral and more for fruit in the upper part of the canopy than in the lower. Russet differed markedly across orchards sites of different climates. Russet was positively correlated with altitude, the number of rainy days, and the number of cold nights but negatively correlated with minimum, maximum, and mean daily temperatures, dew point temperature, and heat sum. Russeted fruit had higher transpiration rates than non-russeted fruits and higher skin permeance to water vapour. Russet in ‘Apple’ mango is due to periderm formation that is initiated at lenticels. Growing conditions conducive for surface wetness exacerbate russeting.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Russeting in ‘Apple’ Mango: Triggers and Mechanisms

Athoo

Winkler

Knoche

2020

Plants

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“…This in turn caused the increased accumulation of lignin and putative (poly)aliphatic domain suberin in the russet fruit skin of sand pear. Different from the physical and chemical properties of the CM, the PM that covers russet fruit skin has a loose lamellar structure of stacked cork cells with high plasticity and water permeability 45,46 (Figs. 1c and 2b), which should be the main factor involved in the RWL difference between the two types of fruit.…”

Section: Metabolic Characteristics and Abiotic Stress-responsive Genementioning

confidence: 99%

Proteome and transcriptome profile analysis reveals regulatory and stress-responsive networks in the russet fruit skin of sand pear

et al. 2020

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The epidermal tissues of the cuticular membrane (CM) and periderm membrane (PM) confer first-line protection from environmental stresses in terrestrial plants. Although PM protection is essentially ubiquitous in plants, the protective mechanism, the function of many transcription factors and enzymes, and the genetic control of metabolic signaling pathways are poorly understood. Different microphenotypes and cellular components in russet (PM-covered) and green (CM-covered) fruit skins of pear were revealed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The two types of fruit skins showed distinct phytohormone accumulation, and different transcriptomic and proteomic profiles. The enriched pathways were detected by differentially expressed genes and proteins from the two omics analyses. A detailed analysis of the suberin biosynthesis pathways identified the regulatory signaling network, highlighting the general mechanisms required for periderm formation in russet fruit skin. The regulation of aquaporins at the protein level should play an important role in the specialized functions of russet fruit skin and PM-covered plant tissues.

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“…The rough, brownish appearance of russeting renders a fruit unattractive to the consumer. Russeting also increases rates of postharvest moisture loss that lead to shriveling (fruit lose their fresh glossiness, so look old) and to higher rates of mass loss during storage, transport and retail (fruit are priced to the consumer on a per-kg basis) [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Russeting in Apple Is Initiated After Exposure to Moisture Ends—I. Histological Evidence

Chen

Straube

Khanal

et al. 2020

Plants

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Russeting (periderm formation) is a critical fruit-surface disorder in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.). The first symptom of insipient russeting is cuticular microcracking. Humid and rainy weather increases russeting. The aim was to determine the ontogeny of moisture-induced russeting in ‘Pinova’ apple. We recorded the effects of duration of exposure to water and the stage of fruit development at exposure on microcracking, periderm formation and cuticle deposition. Early on (21 or 31 days after full bloom; DAFB) short periods (2 to 12 d) of moisture exposure induced cuticular microcracking—but not later on (66 or 93 DAFB). A periderm was not formed during moisture exposure but 4 d after exposure ended. A periderm was formed in the hypodermis beneath a microcrack. Russeting frequency and severity were low for up to 4 d of moisture exposure but increased after 6 d. Cuticle thickness was not affected by moisture for up to 8 d but decreased for longer exposures. Cuticular ridge thickness decreased around a microcrack. In general, moisture did not affect cuticular strain release. We conclude that a hypodermal periderm forms after termination of moisture exposure and after microcrack formation. Reduced cuticle deposition may cause moisture-induced microcracking and, thus, russeting.

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Russeting partially restores apple skin permeability to water vapour

Cited by 26 publications

References 23 publications

Russeting in ‘Apple’ Mango: Triggers and Mechanisms

Russeting in ‘Apple’ Mango: Triggers and Mechanisms

Proteome and transcriptome profile analysis reveals regulatory and stress-responsive networks in the russet fruit skin of sand pear

Russeting in Apple Is Initiated After Exposure to Moisture Ends—I. Histological Evidence

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