Rushing Gunshot Victims to Trauma Care: The Influence of First Responders and the Challenge of the Geography

Hatten, David

doi:10.1177/1088767920916900

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(59 reference statements)

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“…[16] [17] Finally, we lacked data on how quickly victims received medical aid. Future studies should attempt to determine and control for agencies' policies (e.g., those regarding the rendering of first aid, transportation to hospitals, and use of tourniquets and hemostatic bandages).…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Any analysis of police deadly force restricted to data that only include fatalities may produce results that are statistically biased by factors that influence mortality, such as whether bullets strike vital organs [12], whether police officers administer first aid or engage in "scoop and run" practices[14] [15], and whether an adult trauma care center is nearby. [16] [17] Regarding race and the ecology of place, and given disparities in access to quality hospitals across geographic areas (e.g., urban versus suburban versus rural) [18], among other factors, mortality rates in police shootings may meaningfully differ among racial/ethnic groups. [7] Indeed, it is possible that extant research may have underestimated racial disparities in police use of deadly force.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Factors associated with police shooting mortality: A focus on race and a plea for more comprehensive data

Nix

Shjarback

2021

Preprint

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Objectives. To quantify nonfatal injurious police shootings of people and examine the factors associated with victim mortality. Methods. We gathered victim-level data on fatal and nonfatal injurious police shootings from four states that have such information publicly available: Florida (2009-14), Colorado (2010-19), Texas (2015-19), and California (2016. For each state, we examined bivariate associations between mortality and race/ethnicity, gender, age, weapon, and access to trauma care. We also estimated logistic regression models predicting victim mortality in each state. Results.Forty-five percent of these police shooting victims (N=1,322) did not die. Black-white disparities were more pronounced in nonfatal injurious police shootings than in fatal police shootings. Overall, Black victims were less likely than white victims to die from their wound(s). Younger victims were less likely to die from their wound(s), as well as those who were unarmed. Conclusions. Racial and age disparities in police shootings are likely more pronounced than previous estimates suggest. Policy Implications.Other states should strongly consider compiling data like that which is currently being gathered in California. Absent data on nonfatal injurious police shootings -which account for a large share of deadly force incidents -researchers and analysts must be cautious about comparing and/or ranking jurisdictions in terms of their police-involved fatality rates.

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Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors associated with police shooting mortality: A focus on race and a plea for more comprehensive data

Nix

Shjarback

2021

Preprint

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“…Fourth, our measure of access to trauma care was crude, as the state data on police shootings failed to include either the exact location of each incident or if/where the citizen received medical care. If such information was made available, future studies might endeavor to geolocate shootings and measure the distance in miles or average drive time to the nearest or the exact trauma center to provide for more specificity in spatial-temporal analyses [ 17 , 18 ]. Finally, we lacked data on how quickly victims received medical aid.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While there is some degree of chance between whether a person who is shot lives or dies [ 14 ], it is possible that a variety of situational, organizational, and/or ecological characteristics influence the likelihood of a police shooting being fatal, and, therefore, appearing in publicly available datasets. Any analysis of police deadly force restricted to data that only include fatalities may produce results that are statistically biased by factors that influence mortality, such as whether bullets strike vital organs [ 12 ], whether police officers administer first aid or engage in “scoop and run” practices [ 15 , 16 ], and whether an adult trauma care center is nearby [ 17 , 18 ]. Regarding race and the ecology of place, and given disparities in access to quality hospitals across geographic areas (e.g., urban versus suburban versus rural) [ 19 ], among other factors, mortality rates in police shootings may meaningfully differ among racial/ethnic groups [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors associated with police shooting mortality: A focus on race and a plea for more comprehensive data

Nix

Shjarback

2021

PLoS ONE

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Objectives To quantify nonfatal injurious police shootings of people and examine the factors associated with victim mortality. Methods We gathered victim-level data on fatal and nonfatal injurious police shootings from four states that have such information publicly available: Florida (2009–14), Colorado (2010–19), Texas (2015–19), and California (2016–19). For each state, we examined bivariate associations between mortality and race/ethnicity, gender, age, weapon, and access to trauma care. We also estimated logistic regression models predicting victim mortality in each state. Results Forty-five percent of these police shooting victims (N = 1,322) did not die. Black–white disparities were more pronounced in nonfatal injurious police shootings than in fatal police shootings. Overall, Black victims were less likely than white victims to die from their wound(s). Younger victims were less likely to die from their wound(s), as well as those who were unarmed. Conclusions Racial and age disparities in police shootings are likely more pronounced than previous estimates suggest. Policy implications Other states should strongly consider compiling data like that which is currently being gathered in California. Absent data on nonfatal injurious police shootings–which account for a large share of deadly force incidents–researchers and analysts must be cautious about comparing and/or ranking jurisdictions in terms of their police-involved fatality rates.

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“…One study which analyzed data from the 67 counties in Florida supports the notion that the differential distribution of medical resources is partially responsible for the variation in criminally induced lethality rates [ 8 , 9 ]. Advances in emergency medical care have significantly and increasingly reduced the lethality of violent assaults [ 10 , 11 , 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in Homicide Hospitalization and Mortality in Taiwan, 1998–2015

Hsing

Chen

Huang

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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In Taiwan, the national research on homicide is rare, mostly discussing the issue of child abuse. We sought to better understand the characteristics and risk factors of homicide through a retrospective cohort study from 1998 to 2015. “Child battering and other maltreatment” ranked first for the 0–4 age group and second for the 5–14 age group. The hospital mortality was 511 deaths. We found that the 25–44 age group had the highest risk and accounted for 44.76% of hospitalization. The most common causes were “fight, brawl, and rape” (49.12%), “cutting and piercing instruments,” (13.16%) and “child battering and other forms of maltreatment” (4.72%). Additionally, the percentages of “fight, brawl, and rape,” “firearms and explosives,” and “cutting and piercing instruments” were significantly higher among males than among females. The percentages of “hanging and strangulation,” “corrosive or caustic substance,” “child battering and other maltreatment,” “submersion,” and “poisoning” were significantly higher among females than males. Factors associated with homicide in-hospital mortality included gender, age, low income, catastrophic disease, Charlson comorbidity index score, urbanization level, hospital level, classification of hospitalization, and surgery. Overall, the trend of hospitalization rates due to homicide decreased both by gender and age group, except for the 0–4 age group: cause of homicide first, hanging and strangulation second, firearms and explosives third; type of injury, hospitalized patients with “vascular injuries” first, joint and muscle sprain, and intracranial, chest, and abdominal pelvic injuries second, and “burns” third with a higher risk of death. Homicide reduction requires a comprehensive strategy beyond specific victim groups. Interagency collaboration should be strengthened, especially between law enforcement/criminal justice and public health.

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Rushing Gunshot Victims to Trauma Care: The Influence of First Responders and the Challenge of the Geography

Cited by 14 publications

References 35 publications

Factors associated with police shooting mortality: A focus on race and a plea for more comprehensive data

Factors associated with police shooting mortality: A focus on race and a plea for more comprehensive data

Factors associated with police shooting mortality: A focus on race and a plea for more comprehensive data

Trends in Homicide Hospitalization and Mortality in Taiwan, 1998–2015

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