Rural urban differences of cardiovascular disease risk factors in adult Asian Indians

Abstract

The prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in "People of Indian Origin" (PIO) is exceedingly high and strong relationships among elevated blood pressure, increased levels of lipoproteins, visceral obesity, physical inactivity and subsequent high occurrence of coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus etc., were evident in many studies. Increasing urbanization with effective changes in lifestyles could be attributed to explain this exaggerated rate. The present community based cross-sectional investigation was aimed to identify rural-urban differences in prevalence of risk factors of CVD in the adult Asian Indians. A total of 350 adult (30 years and above) individuals (184 males and 166 females) belong to urban (n = 193, males = 104, and females = 89) and rural (n = 157, males = 80, and females = 77) areas participated in the study. Anthropometric measures, lipids profiles, fasting blood glucose and blood pressure measures were obtained from participants. The mean body mass index (kg/m2) for male and female was 22.37 +/- 4.09 and 23.20 +/- 4.37, respectively. There existed significant differences for anthropometric, metabolic, and blood pressure variables between rural and urban areas. Habitat (rural vs. urban) had significant impact on central adiposity, lipids, lipoproteins, and blood pressure measures even after adjusted for age and sex. Overall, 84.3% of females had lower HDL level compared with only 20.1% in males. It was also observed that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 56.2% in urban females compared with 36.4% in rural females. Effective urbanization and or modernization seem to influence CVD risk factors and warrants intervention as early as adulthood to check this menace.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Turkmen Ethnic Groups in Gorgan

“…The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in this study was 35.0%. The high prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Turkmen women was almost in agreement with those of Indian (36.4%) and Taiwanese (36.6%) populations [17]. Differences in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome may depend on age distribution, socioeconomic or nutritional statuses and different ethnic groups.…”

“…Studies which were done on Korean and Taiwanese populations have shown that the prevalences of metabolic syndrome for in women wereas 31.9% and 36.6% [15]. Studies have shown that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among rural women was 31.25% in Bangladesh and that it was 36.4% in India [16][17]. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in this study was 35.0%.…”

Prevalence and determinants of the metabolic syndrome among Tunisian adults: results of the Transition and Health Impact in North Africa (TAHINA) project

“…For both genders, urban residents showed higher OR for central obesity, diabetes and dyslipidaemia. Previous studies have documented higher MetS prevalence in the urban v. rural population (29)(30)(31) . Furthermore, these studies showed that rural dwellers had higher diet quality and physical activity than their urban counterparts.…”

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Elevated Blood Pressure, Overweight, and Dyslipidemia in Adolescent and Young Adults in Rural Nepal

“…10,42 Yet, studies from neighboring India have reported lower prevalence estimates of low HDL-C values, ranging from 41% to 68%. [43][44][45][46] Among the diet and lifestyle factors investigated, we found that smoking and alcohol consumption were virtually absent in our NNIPS-2 9-to 13-year-old cohort but practiced by *6% and *10%, respectively, among our NNIPS-1 15-to 23-year-old cohort, likely reflecting adoption of these practices through the adolescent years rather than a cohort effect per se. However, neither exposure was associated with cardiometabolic risk after adjustment for potential confounders, possibly due to low numbers of cigarettes and small amounts of alcohol consumed.…”