Rural household energy use in China

China's Growing CO2 EmissionsA Race between Increasing Consumption and Efficiency Gains

“…We estimated the direct CO 2 emissions as 246 MMT for 1992, 227 MMT for 1997, and 181 MMT for 2002. The decline in direct household CO 2 emissions is due to reductions in household coal and biomass consumption, especially in rural China (23,24,34). Figure 2 shows an allocation of the total emission increases to the separate final demand categories.…”

Household fuel use in developing countries: Review of theory and evidence

“…On the contrary, still for China, Démurger and Fournier (2011) report that farmland size is associated with a significant increase in firewood consumption in Labagoumen township. Likewise, Kaul and Liu (1992) and Pandey and Chaubal (2011) find a close link between farmland size and the use of biomass in China and India. Démurger and Fournier (2011) also observe that households with more livestock have lower firewood consumption, which is contrary to the findings of Kaul and Liu (1992), and Mekonnen (1999) in the distinct Ethiopian context, who finds the opposite effect.…”

“…Likewise, Kaul and Liu (1992) and Pandey and Chaubal (2011) find a close link between farmland size and the use of biomass in China and India. Démurger and Fournier (2011) also observe that households with more livestock have lower firewood consumption, which is contrary to the findings of Kaul and Liu (1992), and Mekonnen (1999) in the distinct Ethiopian context, who finds the opposite effect. Guta (2012) finds, in Ethiopia, that households with a larger livestock prefer traditional fuels and mix of fuels over modern fuels only.…”

“…However, these findings are challenged by the evidence provided by other authors. Kaul and Liu (1992) and Zhang and Koji (2012) find that an insignificant estimated coefficient of coal price for explaining fuelwood consumption in China. Gupta and Köhlin (2006) As a matter of fact, most statements of complementarities and substitutabilities of fuels by diverse authors are strictly speaking inaccurate since they are deduced from estimated direct price effects instead of compensated effects.…”

“…Obviously, availability and accessibility of fuels should contribute to explaining household fuel use. In the literature, the availability of traditional fuels has been measured by: distance to fuelwood (Kaul and Liu 1992;An et al 2002;Heltberg 2005), households' perceptions of availability of fuelwood (Hosier and Dowd 1987) and geographic location (Peng et al 2010). On the other hand, the accessibility of modern fuels has been measured by: households' perceptions of availability of LPG (Gupta and Köhlin 2006), community access to electricity (Heltberg 2004;Lay et al 2013), prevalence of solar home systems (Lay et al 2013) and renewable energy technologies (Zhang and Koji 2012).…”