“…Agriculture, as the primary industry, is the second largest source and driver of carbon emissions in the world, and its carbon emissions in agronomy and animal husbandry cannot be ignored [ 16 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ]. In calculating the level of agricultural carbon emissions in Indonesia, scholars had proved that there were an inverted “U”-shaped assumption of the environmental Kuznets curve, carrying out rice cultivation and increasing the ratio of renewable energy use could reduce the impact of carbon emission [ 32 ].When Leitão and Balogh (2020) measured the relationship between Portuguese agriculture and energy consumption, they found that energy consumption played a role in promoting agricultural carbon emissions [ 33 ].…”