Rupture lengths and temporal history of significant earthquakes on the offshore and north coast segments of the Northern San Andreas Fault based on turbidite stratigraphy

Goldfinger, Chris; Morey, A. E.; Nelson, Claudia; Gutierrez-Pastor, J.; Johnson, Joel E.; Karabanov, E. B.; Chaytor, Jason D.; Eriksson, Andrew T.

doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.11.017

Cited by 115 publications

(135 citation statements)

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“…Taiwan) where detailed information is available on earthquake location and character. Such work will help to determine the degree to which submarine flow deposits provide a long term record of past earthquakes (Goldfinger et al, 2007;Atwater and Griggs, 2012;Sumner et al, 2013).…”

Section: Flow Timing and Triggersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Flows generated by large underwater landslides record the frequency and emplacement dynamics of these landslides, which are key parameters for predicting the magnitude of risk from associated tsunamis. Flow deposits may provide a detailed record of major earthquakes, which extends further back in time than most records on land (Goldfinger et al, 2007;Atwater and Griggs, 2012), of the way in which submarine landslides are emplaced which has important implications for tsunami-genesis (Wynn and Masson, 2003;Hunt et al, 2011), and of mega-floods associated with glacial melting that are inferred to have caused abrupt global climatic change (Piper and Normark, 2009). Obtaining a clearer understanding of submarine flow processes is of both scientific interest and societal relevance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How are subaqueous sediment density flows triggered, what is their internal structure and how does it evolve? Direct observations from monitoring of active flows

Talling

Paull

Piper

2013

Earth-Science Reviews

209

184

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Subaqueous sediment density flows are one of the volumetrically most important processes for moving sediment across our planet, and form the largest sediment accumulations on Earth (submarine fans). They are also arguably the most sparely monitored major sediment transport processes on our planet. Significant advances have been made in documenting their timing and triggers, especially within submarine canyons and delta-fronts, and freshwater lakes and reservoirs, but the sediment concentration of flows that run out beyond the continental slope has never been measured directly. This limited amount of monitoring data contrasts sharply with other major types of sediment flow, such as river systems, and ensure that understanding submarine sediment density flows remains a major challenge for Earth science. The available monitoring data define a series of flow types whose character and deposits differ significantly. Large (N 100 km 3 ) failures on the continental slope can generate fast-moving (up to 19 m/s) flows that reach the deep ocean, and deposit thick layers of sand across submarine fans. Even small volume (0.008 km 3 ) canyon head failures can sometimes generate channelised flows that travel at N 5 m/s for several hundred kilometres. A single event off SE Taiwan shows that river floods can generate powerful flows that reach the deep ocean, in this case triggered by failure of recently deposited sediment in the canyon head. Direct monitoring evidence of powerful oceanic flows produced by plunging hyperpycnal flood water is lacking, although this process has produced shorter and weaker oceanic flows. Numerous flows can occur each year on river-fed delta fronts, where they can generate up-slope migrating crescentic bedforms. These flows tend to occur during the flood season, but are not necessarily associated with individual flood discharge peaks, suggesting that they are often triggered by delta-front slope failures. Powerful flows occur several times each year in canyons fed by sand from the shelf, associated with strong wave action. These flows can also generate up-slope migrating crescentic bedforms that most likely originate due to retrogressive breaching associated with a dense near-bed layer of sediment. Expanded dilute flows that are supercritical and fully turbulent are also triggered by wave action in canyons. Sediment density flows in lakes and reservoirs generated by plunging river flood water have been monitored in much greater detail. They are typically very dilute (b 0.01 vol.% sediment) and travel at b 50 cm/s, and are prone to generating interflows within the density stratified freshwater. A key objective for future work is to develop measurement techniques for seeing through overlying dilute clouds of sediment, to determine whether dense near-bed layers are present. There is also a need to combine monitoring of flows with detailed analyses of flow deposits, in order to understand how flows are recorded in the rock record. Finally, a source-to-sink approach is needed because the character of subm...

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Section: Flow Timing and Triggersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How are subaqueous sediment density flows triggered, what is their internal structure and how does it evolve? Direct observations from monitoring of active flows

Talling

Paull

Piper

2013

Earth-Science Reviews

209

184

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“…These correlation methods are a common practice with ODP (Ocean Drilling Program) cores, oil industry, and recently palaeoseismology (i.e. Abdeldayem et al, 2003;St-Onge et al, 2003;St-Onge and Lajeunesse, 2007;Hagstrum et al, 2004;Iwaki et al, 2004;Karlin et al, 2004;Schnellmann et al, 2002;Goldfinger et al, 2007Goldfinger et al, , 2008Patton et al, 2010Patton et al, , 2011Gràcia et al, 2010;Lees et al, 1998;Wynn et al, 2002). Because Cascadia turbidite characteristics persist over large distances and across varied depositional environments, transport regimes, and physically isolated sites, the conclusion is that the patterns must have resulted from a common trigger, most likely a subduction zone earthquake (Goldfinger et al, 2008(Goldfinger et al, , 2011(Goldfinger et al, , 2012.…”

Section: Stratigraphic Correlationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are great Cascadia earthquakes recorded in the sedimentary records from small forearc lakes?

Morey

Goldfinger

Briles

et al. 2013

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. Here we investigate sedimentary records from four small inland lakes located in the southern Cascadia forearc region for evidence of earthquakes. Three of these lakes are in the Klamath Mountains near the Oregon-California border, and one is in the central Oregon Coast range. The sedimentary sequences recovered from these lakes are composed of normal lake sediment interbedded with disturbance event layers. The thickest of these layers are graded, and appear to be turbidites or linked debrites (turbidites with a basal debris-flow deposit), suggesting rapid deposition. Variations in particle size and organic content of these layers are reflected in the density and magnetic susceptibility data. The frequency and timing of these events, based on radiocarbon ages from detrital organics, is similar to the offshore seismogenic turbidite record from trench and slope basin cores along the Cascadia margin. Stratigraphic correlation of these anomalous deposits based on radiocarbon ages, down-core density, and magnetic susceptibility data between lake and offshore records suggest synchronous triggering. The areal extent and multiple depositional environments over which these events appear to correlate suggest that these deposits were most likely caused by shaking during great Cascadia earthquakes.

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“…We estimated the time distribution of instantaneous sedimentary events (HmTu) using hemipelagic interval thickness, as successfully done in different cases by different authors (e.g., Adams, 1990;Goldfinger et al, 2007;Pouderoux et al, 2012). Two causes of imprecision or error have to be discussed: general chronology (14C), and erosion at the base of density currents (here the basal turbidite of HmTu).…”

Section: Time Distribution Of Hmtu Eventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…-indirectly, (i) on the basis of correlations with reported seismic events (for historical seismicity) (e.g., Siegenthaler et al, 1987;Piper et al, 1992;Chapron et al, 1999;Goldfinger et al, 2007;Beck et al, 2012) and (ii) when detecting the same paleoevent in a large area independently from local setting (e.g., variable slope dip). This second approach is especially used for deep structures, as subduction, (e.g., Goldfinger et al, 2007;Gracia et al, 2010;Moernaut, 2011;Pouderoux et al, 2012) and also, in some cases, for surface-reaching major faults (e.g., Goldfinger et al, 2007);…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of successive coseismic vertical offsets using coeval sedimentary events – application to the southwestern limit of the Sea of Marmara's Central Basin (North Anatolian Fault)

Beck

Campos

Eriş

et al. 2015

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. In the deep part of the Sea of Marmara (Turkey), the sedimentation developing upon the North Anatolian Fault is strongly influenced by the associated seismic activity, through gravity reworking (fluidized landslides) and tsunamis. Specific layers (homogenites + turbidites, HmTu), representing individual sedimentary events, have been characterized along three giant piston cores retrieved from the Çinarcik and Central (or Orta) basins. Pre-Holocene, nonmarine sediments, were analyzed, representing the last 12-17 kyr BP (before present). For a 2 kyr long interval, 11 events could be precisely correlated on both sides of the Central Basin's southwestern scarp. For each of them, based on the specific depositional process, the thickness difference between the two sites was considered as a direct estimation of the vertical component of a coeval coseismic offset. The homogenite (upper) component accounts for the major part of the thickness difference (ranging from 36 to 144 cm). These offsets were considered as likely representing dominantly vertical throws, along the transtensional southwestern boundary of the inner, pull-apart Central Basin. In terms of natural hazards, further investigations on this local behavior should rather be directed to tsunami genesis.

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Rupture lengths and temporal history of significant earthquakes on the offshore and north coast segments of the Northern San Andreas Fault based on turbidite stratigraphy

Cited by 115 publications

References 50 publications

How are subaqueous sediment density flows triggered, what is their internal structure and how does it evolve? Direct observations from monitoring of active flows

How are subaqueous sediment density flows triggered, what is their internal structure and how does it evolve? Direct observations from monitoring of active flows

Are great Cascadia earthquakes recorded in the sedimentary records from small forearc lakes?

Estimation of successive coseismic vertical offsets using coeval sedimentary events – application to the southwestern limit of the Sea of Marmara's Central Basin (North Anatolian Fault)

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