I almost cannot believe that this long thesis marathon is nearing the end, and I am greatly indebted to many people who helped me get started, pointed in the right direction, kept me on track, and supported along the way, and without whom I would have never made it. First of all, I would like to thank my advisor, Xudong He, who provided the invaluable guidance and financial support throughout my entire stay at Florida International Univer sity. He has taught me innumerable things one needs as a researcher from writing papers. I am especially grateful for his inspiration for the instructing and correcting me to do certain parts of my work, which, as I discovered later, turned out to be absolutely necessary, and without them my work would be incomplete.