Running speed and drinking rate as functions of sucrose concentration and amount of consummatory activity.

Goodrich, Kenneth P.

doi:10.1037/h0045984

Cited by 32 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(5 reference statements)

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“…For example, although there were no differences in latency to enter an arm from the centre chamber, once 'surrounded' by the stimulus (approach time), the time to reach a larger reward was significantly shorter compared with the smaller reward in all three experiments. This 'prospective effect' has been reported in a number of studies with vertebrates (see Goodrich, 1960;Kraeling, 1961) and in free-flying honeybees approaching colours and odours associated with a higher concentration of sucrose solution (Loo and Bitterman, 1992). The current study is, however, the first in which an insect has shown response latency differences for an option associated with different amounts of a reward (Couvillon and Bitterman, 1993).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Variable rewards and discrimination ability in an insect herbivore: what and how does a hungry locust learn?

Behmer

Belt

Shapiro

2005

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARY With the exception of honeybees, there have been few good invertebrate models for associative learning. Grasshoppers and locusts (Orthoptera:Acrididae) possess a number of characteristics that make them excellent candidates for such studies, and in this paper we present a novel protocol,based on a Y-maze, that is specifically designed for studying their learning and choice behaviour. Three separate experiments were conducted using individual gregarious forms of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria. In our first experiment, coloured arms of a two-sided Y-maze provided a large or small amount of wheat for nine choice-trials. In the second experiment, locusts discriminated odours with wheat rewards for nine choice-trials. The odour-wheat reward combinations were then reversed for an additional nine choice-trials. For the third experiment, the locusts again discriminated odours, but here we used artificial foods and the rewards differed in their concentration of protein and digestible carbohydrate. The results indicate that, in addition to showing good acquisition of choice performance, the locusts also took less time to reach the larger-rewarded option. The data indicate that our protocol is highly sensitive for recording choice behaviour in acridids and reveals the potential they have for advancing our current understanding of associative learning and the field of learning in general.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Variable rewards and discrimination ability in an insect herbivore: what and how does a hungry locust learn?

Behmer

Belt

Shapiro

2005

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…The present fmding that instrumental running speed is directly related to the concentration of Sucrose solution and the amount of sucrose consumed agrees with the work of Goodrich (1960) and Kraeling (1961). The strength of the consummatory response was found to be a function of sucrose concentration, supporting the data of Kraeling and Rosen against the negative findings of Goodrich.…”

Section: Amobarbital Sodiumsupporting

confidence: 89%

Effects of varying sucrose reinforcers and amobarbital sodium on positive contrast in rats

Rabin

1975

Animal Learning & Behavior

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The effect of quantity and quality of reinforcement on performance change following a shift to uniform high reward was studied in four groups of rats. Twenty or 200 licks of a 5% or 20% sucrose solution constituted the four incentive conditions. Two additional subject groups were run in the high (20%-200 licks) and low (5%-20 licks) reward conditions to determine how amobarbital sodium, an emotional depressant, influences incentive shift performance. All six groups received 60 preshift runway trials (6/day), followed by 30 high reward trials. Twenty-four extinction trials contrasted drugged and normal performance relating to high and low reward. Postshift positive contrast appeared in all nondrugged groups. An emotional base for positive contrast is considered.

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“…running down a runway, or responding on a single lever). The activational component of motivation is readily observed in runway tasks as animals run faster for a food reward as a function of the duration that they have been deprived of food, or as a function of the magnitude of food reward/concentration of sucrose awaiting them in the goal-box (Bitterman & Schoel, 1970; Bower & Trapold, 1959; Goodrich, 1960; Kintsch, 1962; Knarr & Collier, 1962). Similar results have been observed in rates of lever pressing (Collier, 1969; Collier & Levitsky, 1967; Marwine & Collier, 1971), and rates of licking for a varied sucrose concentrations (Beer & Trumble, 1965; Vogel, Mikulka, & Spear, 1968; Ward et al, 2012).…”

Section: Activational Components Of Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural substrates underlying effort, time, and risk-based decision making in motivated behavior

Bailey

Simpson

Balsam

2016

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

104

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All mobile organisms rely on adaptive motivated behavior to overcome the challenges of living in an environment in which essential resources may be limited. A variety of influences ranging from an organism’s environment, experiential history, and physiological state all influence a cost-benefit analysis which allows motivation to energize behavior and direct it toward specific goals. Here we review the substantial amount of research aimed at discovering the interconnected neural circuits which allow organisms to carry-out the cost-benefit computations which allow them to behave in adaptive ways. We specifically focus on how the brain deals with different types of costs, including effort requirements, delays to reward and payoff riskiness. An examination of this broad literature highlights the importance of the extended neural circuits which enable organisms to make decisions about these different types of costs. This involves Cortical Structures, including the Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC), the Orbital Frontal Cortex (OFC), the Infralimbic Cortex (IL), and prelimbic Cortex (PL), as well as the Baso-Lateral Amygdala (BLA), the Nucleus Accumbens (Nacc), the Ventral Pallidal (VP), the Sub Thalamic Nucleus (STN) among others. Some regions are involved in multiple aspects of cost-benefit computations while the involvement of other regions is restricted to information relating to specific types of costs.

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Running speed and drinking rate as functions of sucrose concentration and amount of consummatory activity.

Cited by 32 publications

References 9 publications

Variable rewards and discrimination ability in an insect herbivore: what and how does a hungry locust learn?

Variable rewards and discrimination ability in an insect herbivore: what and how does a hungry locust learn?

Effects of varying sucrose reinforcers and amobarbital sodium on positive contrast in rats

Neural substrates underlying effort, time, and risk-based decision making in motivated behavior

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