Runner's macrocytosis: A clue to footstrike hemolysis. Runner's anemia as a benefit versus runner's hemolysis as a detriment

Eichner, E. Randy

doi:10.1016/0002-9343(85)90443-7

Cited by 67 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…During exercise, RBC are highly exposed to mechanical and oxidative stress, even more than other cells, especially considering that RBC continuously produce free radicals and also because of their limited repair mechanisms (Cimen 2008;Petibois and Deleris 2005). Several studies have claimed that vigorous exercise acutely impairs RBC deformability (Eichner 1985;Szygula 1990), and oxidative stress results in lipid and protein oxidation in the membrane, which may destabilize the lipid bilayer and the cytoskeleton, thereby compromising cell survival (Dumaswala et al 1999). The RBC membrane rigidity due to acute exercise detected during our study is consistent with these findings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Erythrocyte membrane fluidity and indices of plasmatic oxidative damage after acute physical exercise in humans

et al. 2010

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Optimal levels of membrane fluidity are essential for numerous cell functions including cell growth, solute transport and signal transduction. Since exercise enhances free radical production, our aim was to evaluate in healthy male subjects the effects of an acute bout of maximal and submaximal exercise on the erythrocyte membrane fluidity and its possible relation to the oxidative damage overproduction due to exercise. Subjects (n = 34) performed three cycloergometric tests: a continuous progressive exercise, a strenuous exercise until exhaustion and an acute bout of exercise at an intensity corresponding to 70% of maximal work capacity for 30 min. Venous blood samples were collected before and immediately after these exercises. Erythrocyte membrane fluidity was assessed by fluorescence spectroscopy. Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxyalkenals (4-HDA) concentrations and carbonyl content of plasmatic proteins were used as an index of lipid and protein oxidation, respectively. Exercise produced a dramatic drop in the erythrocyte membrane fluidity as compared to resting time, but this was not accompanied by significant changes in the plasmatic MDA and 4-HDA concentrations. The highest erythrocyte membrane rigidity was detected immediately after strenuous exercise until exhaustion was performed. Protein carbonyl levels were higher after exhaustive exercises than at rest. Continuous progressive and strenuous exercises until exhaustion, but not submaximal workload, resulted in a significant enhanced accumulation of carbonylated proteins in the plasma. These findings are consistent with the idea that exercise exaggerates oxidative damage, which may contribute, at least partially, to explain the rigidity in the membrane of the erythrocytes due to acute exercise.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Erythrocyte membrane fluidity and indices of plasmatic oxidative damage after acute physical exercise in humans

et al. 2010

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“…Several studies provide evidence to suggest that exercise results in a negative iron balance [3,12,131, and possibly the accelerated erythrocyte breakdown and haemoglobinuria in runners who train regularly could account for this [l, [8][9][10][11]. Indeed, Godal & Refsum [14] and Banga et al [4] identified athletes with hereditary spherocytosis, who became anaemic as a consequence of persistent haemoglobinuria whenever they commenced rigorous training.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Haemolytic effects of exercise

1991

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1. Exercise-induced haemolysis has been implicated in the sub-optimal iron status of endurance-trained athletes. Accordingly, erythrocyte survival studies using 51Cr were performed on male and female distance runners (n = 20) and sedentary control subjects (n = 10) in order to determine whether the rate of erythrocyte destruction was altered as a consequence of repetitive exercise training. 2. The chromium half-disappearance time of the male (25.4 +/- 3.6 days, mean +/- SD) but not the female (28.3 +/- 4.6 days) athletes was significantly lower than that of the male (33.1 +/- 4.5 days) and female (32.3 +/- 2.6 days) control subjects (P less than 0.01). The mean erythrocyte lifespan of the male and female distance runners (67.2 +/- 22.2 and 72.4 +/- 26.0 days, respectively) was significantly shorter than that of the non-exercising male and female subjects (113.4 +/- 31.0 and 114.1 +/- 29.0 days, respectively) (P less than 0.01). 3. There was no correlation between the mean erythrocyte lifespan and the haemoglobin concentration, serum ferritin levels, body mass, weekly training distance, number of years running or daily protein intake. The mean cell volume and reticulocyte count measured in the same athletes before and after completing a standard 42 km marathon race were within the normal range, whereas the plasma haemoglobin levels were elevated (77.0 +/- 50.5 mg/l) and the serum haptoglobin levels were decreased (0.89 +/- 0.4 g/l) at rest, with a further significant decrease after running (0.69 +/- 0.4 g/l) in the latter measurement (P less than 0.05). 4. It is concluded that the demonstrated increase in erythrocyte turnover may be sufficient to precipitate an iron deficiency in endurance athletes when dietary intake or absorption does not meet the accelerated erythropoietic demands.

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“…However, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was significantly higher in RUN versus CON (p = .015). This may be indicative of increased hemolysis in the runners (Eichner, 1985) and is not consistent with the microcytosis present in iron deficiency anemia. However, all subjects fell within the normal MCV clinical range of 80-99 fL.…”

Section: Hematologymentioning

confidence: 80%

Are Serum Hepcidin Levels Chronically Elevated in Collegiate Female Distance Runners?

Patterson

Gieschen

et al. 2013

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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The prevalence of iron deficiency tends to be higher in athletic populations, especially among endurance-trained females. Recent studies have provided evidence that the iron-regulating hormone hepcidin is transiently increased with acute exercise and suggest that this may contribute to iron deficiency anemia in athletes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether resting serum hepcidin is significantly elevated in highly trained female distance runners compared with a low exercise control group. Due to the importance of the monocyte in the process of iron recycling, monocyte expression of hepcidin was also measured. A single fasted blood sample was collected midseason from twenty female distance runners averaging 81.9 ± 14.2 km of running per week. Ten age-, gender-, and BMI-matched low-exercise control subjects provided samples during the same period using identical collection procedures. There was no difference between the runners (RUN) and control subjects (CON) for serum hepcidin levels (p = .159). In addition, monocyte hepcidin gene expression was not different between the two groups (p = .635). Furthermore, no relationship between weekly training volume and serum hepcidin concentration was evident among the trained runners. The results suggest that hepcidin is not chronically elevated with sustained training in competitive collegiate runners. This is an important finding because the current clinical conditions that link hepcidin to anemia include a sustained elevation in serum hepcidin. Nevertheless, additional studies are needed to determine the clinical relevance of the well-documented, transient rise in hepcidin that follows acute sessions of exercise.

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Runner's macrocytosis: A clue to footstrike hemolysis. Runner's anemia as a benefit versus runner's hemolysis as a detriment

Cited by 67 publications

References 28 publications

Erythrocyte membrane fluidity and indices of plasmatic oxidative damage after acute physical exercise in humans

Erythrocyte membrane fluidity and indices of plasmatic oxidative damage after acute physical exercise in humans

Haemolytic effects of exercise

Are Serum Hepcidin Levels Chronically Elevated in Collegiate Female Distance Runners?

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