“…For these reasons, women may be less likely than men to develop a sense of confidence in their capacities or to value their abilities or their contribution as highly as men do (Instone et al, ; Karpowitz & Mendelberg, ; Major, McFarlin, & Gagnon, ; Pajares, ; Preece & Stoddard, ). When compared to objective markers of achievement or capacity, women tend to underrate themselves, and men do not, especially on dimensions considered masculine (Beyer & Bowden, ; Wigfield, Eccles, & Pintrich, ).…”