The current report aimed to document individual differences that predict the trajectory of post-event rumination following an evaluative event. In this study, 127 undergraduate students were assessed over a 5-day period preceding and following a midterm exam. Participants completed measures of anticipatory processing, trait test anxiety, trait tendency to ruminate, negative affect, and post-event rumination. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to examine predictors of post-evaluative rumination. Results suggested that individuals who reported high levels of anticipatory processing and trait test anxiety tended to experience prolonged amounts of rumination following the exam, even when controlling for negative affect, relative to those who scored low on these measures. These results suggest that specific individual difference factors impact the amount and trajectory of rumination beyond levels of general negative affect. Implications for understanding risk factors for heightened rumination are discussed, with particular attention to the larger rumination literature.
KeywordsPost-event rumination; Anticipatory processing; Test anxiety; Negative affect Recently, there has been an increase in research examining repetitive, self-focused thoughts (e.g., Mor & Winquist, 2002). This literature has documented that negative self-focused thoughts may lead to increases in negative affect, which in turn leads to increases in repetitive thoughts (e.g., Mor & Winquist, 2002). One of the most well researched self-focused thought processes is rumination, which is defined as a recurrent and excessive focus on perceived negative aspects of a past event. Rumination has been postulated to be a mechanism in the maintenance of both depressive and anxiety disorders (e.g., Clark & Wells, 1995; NolenHoeksema, 1991). However, at present little is known about which individual difference factors may lead to post-event rumination following stressful events. The goal of the current report is to address this gap by examining how rumination unfolds over time following an evaluative event.Several theoretical perspectives have been developed on rumination (e.g., Martin, Shrira, & Startup, 1999;Matthews & Wells, 1999;Watkins, 2004 Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. , Carver & Scheier, 1988;Martin & Tesser, 1989, 1996. Although problem-focused strategies, such as cognitive reappraisal, lead to increases in positive emotion (Gross & John, 2003), emotion-focused strategies like rumination lead to increased negative affect (e.g., Martin & Tesser, 1989, 1996. Considerable research has doc...