Ruminant meat and milk contain δ-valerobetaine, another precursor of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) like γ-butyrobetaine

Synergistic Effect of Dietary Betaines on SIRT1-Mediated Apoptosis in Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cal 27

“…Cell proliferation and viability were firstly evaluated by testing milk, an aliment of fundamental importance for humans due to the remarkable content of substances with high nutritional and functional values, including betaines. Noteworthy, recent data indicate that 3-kDa milk extracts show higher efficiency in inhibiting colon cancer cell viability compared to betaine alone [8][9][10]. Milk extracts were tested on FaDu, UM-SCC-17A, and Cal 27 cells.…”

“…Cultured cells were treated with δVB, γBB (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA, 403245) both dissolved in Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS)-10 mM Hepes, or buffalo milk prepared as previously described [8]. δVB synthesis and purification was carried out as previously described [10]. Buffalo milk was collected from Italian Mediterranean buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) bred in a commercial farm located in the South of Italy between 39.0 • N and 41.5 • N of Southern Italy.…”

“…Among betaines, δVB and γBB are particularly abundant in ruminant meat, milk, and dairy products [9][10][11]. δVB (N,N,N-trimethyl-5-aminovaleric acid) is produced by rumen microbiota from the transformation of N ε -trimethyllysine and is likely degraded by the intestinal host microbiota via γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase enzyme, thus suggesting a possible metabolic connection between δVB and γBB [9,10].…”

“…Among betaines, δVB and γBB are particularly abundant in ruminant meat, milk, and dairy products [9][10][11]. δVB (N,N,N-trimethyl-5-aminovaleric acid) is produced by rumen microbiota from the transformation of N ε -trimethyllysine and is likely degraded by the intestinal host microbiota via γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase enzyme, thus suggesting a possible metabolic connection between δVB and γBB [9,10]. In vitro biological activities of δVB include inhibition of β-oxidation of fatty acids in mice cardiomyocytes, anti-inflammatory effects in endothelia damaged by hyperglycemia, and cytotoxic effects in human colon adenocarcinoma cells [6,8,12].…”

Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Postprandial Response in Plasma and Urine Is Lower After Fermented Compared to Non-Fermented Dairy Consumption in Healthy Adults

“…Recently, a novel precursor of TMAO that is metabolised by the gut microbiota has been identified in ruminant meat and milk, δ-Valerobetaine [19], contributing to the interest to study the impact of dairy on TMAO metabolism. Other TMAO precursors are found in full fat dairy products, in particular choline, but tend to present at levels lower than other animal products [20,21].…”