Ruminal Volatile Fatty Acid Concentrations and Weight Gains of Calves Reared with and Without Ruminal Ciliated Protozoa

Williams, Phletus P.; Dinusson, W. E.

doi:10.2527/jas1973.363588x

Cited by 35 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Similar results were obtained in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves by Borhami et al (1967). There are many reports in which no effect of defaunation was observed on the growth of lambs (Becker & Everett, 1930;Chalmers et al 1968;Eadie & Gill, 1971) and calves Hibbs & Conrad, 1958;Eadie, 1962;Williams & Dinusson, 1973). By contrast, higher weight gains in cattle and more wool growth in sheep were reported recently in defaunated animals (Bird & Leng, 1978;Bird et al 1979;Bird & Leng, 1984).…”

supporting

confidence: 78%

The role of rumen protozoa in the utilization of paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum) hay by cattle

1987

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1. Six Friesian heifers (250 kg live weight) with permanent cannulas in the rumen and abomasum were allocated at random into two groups of three. One group was treated with Teric GN9 (ICI (Aust.) Ltd) to defaunate the animals during the first two of the four periods of the experiment, after which they were refaunated. The second group was treated with Teric at the end of the first two periods. The dietary treatments were: paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum) hay (4.1 kg/d) given alone and the hay supplemented with urea (20 g/kg dry matter).2. Defaunation was not complete but the approximate volume of protozoa in the rumen of treated animals was less than 6% of that in the untreated animals. 3.The amount of organic matter (OM) digested in the stomach was lower (P < 0.01) in animals with reduced fauna than in those with normal fauna. There were reductions in both the apparent OM digestibility in the total tract (from 0.56 to 0.52, P c 0.01) and the proportion of the digestible OM digested in the rumen (from 0.82 to 0.79, not significant) of animals with reduced fauna. Apparent digestibilities of acid-detergent fibre and neutral-detergent fibre were significantly lower (P < 0.01) in animals with reduced fauna.4. The amount of nitrogen disappearing from the stomach was significantly higher (P < 0.01) with the urea supplement; effects due to concentrations of protozoa were not significant. The flow of non-ammonia-N from the abomasum was higher ( P < 0.05) in animals with reduced fauna than in animals with normal fauna. The flows of bacterial N from the abomasum and the efficiencies of bacterial N synthesis were not significantly affected by the treatments. N retention was higher (P < 0.01) in animals receiving the urea supplement but differences due to protozoa were not significant. 5. Protozoal contribution to the microbial N flowing from the rumen of animals with normal fauna was estimated to be 24 and 27% with and without the urea supplement respectively. 6.Concentrations of rumen-fluid ammonia-N were reduced (P < 0.05) and those of volatile fatty acids were increased (P < 0.01) with reduction in protozoal numbers. Molar proportions of propionic acid increased (P < 0.05) and of butyric acid decreased (P < 0.01) with reduced rumen fauna.7. Rumen water volume was lower (P < 0.05) and the mean retention time of indigestible acid-detergent lignin tended to be higher in animals with reduced fauna. Rumen dry-matter pool and mean retention time of CrEDTA were not significantly different between treatments.

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confidence: 78%

The role of rumen protozoa in the utilization of paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum) hay by cattle

1987

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“…Unfortunately, none of the methods has been without a negative effect either on the rest of the rumen microbes or on the host itself (Williams & Coleman, 1997). Alternatively, young animals can be isolated within a few hours of birth before protozoa become established (Williams & Dinusson, 1973;Bird & Seccombe, 1998). Defaunation can also be achieved by emptying the rumen, carefully washing the rumen mucosa and treating the digesta by freezing before re-introducing it into the rumen (Jouany & Senaud, 1979), but obviously this is not a practical on-farm approach.…”

Section: Anti-protozoal Properties Of Tropical Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

New perspectives on the use of tropical plants to improve ruminant nutrition

Teferedegne¹

2000

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

102

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Inadequate nutrition is the main cause of low productivity by ruminants in sub-Saharan Africa. The primary feed resources in the region include natural pasture and crop residues that have tough texture, poor digestibility and are deficient in nutrients. These deficiencies can be corrected by supplementation with high-density feeds such as oilseed cakes and proteins of animal origin. However, protein sources such as oilseed cakes are beyond the economic reach of most farmers, while the incidence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in Western intensive animal production may be thought to argue against the use of animal proteins. Local tree legumes have been investigated as potential supplements for ruminants because of their beneficial effect of increasing metabolizable energy intake, N intake and feed efficiency, and improving animal performance. However, our work has suggested that some plant materials may have a nutritional value beyond simply their nutrient content, i.e. as rumen-manipulating agents. The foliage of some tree legumes has been shown to be selectively toxic to rumen protozoa. Rumen protozoa ingest and digest bacteria and fungi, degrading their cellular protein to NH3. Microbial protein turnover due to protozoal predation in the rumen may result in the net microbial protein outflow being less than half the total protein synthesized. Results fromin vivoexperiments have clearly shown that duodenal flow of both undegraded dietary and bacterial protein is generally increased by defaunation. However, no practical method has been developed to date to eliminate protozoa. Anti-protozoal plants may be promising, safe, natural defaunating agents.

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“…Although the role of bacteria in digestion is well-known, the effect of ciliates has long been unknown or considered to be negligible (Pounden and Hibbs, 1950 ; Eadie and Gill, 1971 ;Williams and Dinusson, 1973). Over the past twenty years, many studies comparing conventional (naturally faunated) animals with protozoa-free (ciliate-free) animals have been carried out.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ciliates have shown wide differences in their effects in vitro on carbohydrate metabolism (Abou Akkada, 1965 ;Hungate, 1966 ;Church, 1975 ;Clarke, 1977). Merely a limited number of studies on the specific role of ciliates in the digestive process have been carried out in vivo (Christiansen et al, 1965 ;Williams and Dinusson, 1973). Jouany (1978) Hobson, 1962 ;Kurihara et al, 1968 ;Eadie and Gill, 1971), but the effect of inoculating each particular ciliate genus separately on the bacterial population has rarely been studied in vivo.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rôle of the rumen ciliate protozoa Polyplastron multivesiculatum, Entodinium sp. and Isotricha prostoma in the digestion of a mixed diet in sheep

Jouany¹,

Zainab²,

Sénaud³

et al. 1981

Reprod. Nutr. Dévelop.

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Summary. Six rumen-fistulated and defaunated wethers were fed twice daily a pelleted diet of barley and dehydrated lucern at a rate of 50 g dry matter/kg body weight °-!5. Two months later, the sheep were divided into three equal groups. Each group was then inoculated in the rumen with one of the following three genera of protozoa : Polyplastron multivesiculatum (P), Entodinium sp. (E), or lsotricha prostoma (I). After two months, each group was subdivided and inoculated with an additional genus to obtain two sheep for each P + E, P + I and E + I combination. After an additional two months, two sheep were inoculated with a mixture of several genera to restore them to a conventional state. At the end of each of the four two-month periods, the total digestibility of organic matter (OM), acid detergent fiber (ADF), nitrogen (N) and fermentation in the rumen were measured.The P + E genera combination could not be obtained because E disappeared when the sheep were inoculated with the P species. However, these two genera can coexist in a rumen containing at least four different genera of protozoa.OM and ADF digestibilities were improved mainly by inoculating the P genus and, to a lesser extent, the E genus, but the effect of I was negative. N digestibility tended to be higher after ciliate inoculation, compared to the defaunated state. Furthermore, the pH in inoculated sheep was generally lower, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) and ammonia levels were higher.The composition of the VFA mixture was strongly influenced by inoculation with the E genus : the propionic acid proportion increased at the expense of the acetic and butyric acid proportions. This result was confirmed by the lower CH 4/ C0 2 ratio observed in the rumen gas composition in sheep inoculated with the E genus. With P alone or with other ciliates, the butyric acid proportion increased. The rumen lactic acid concentration increased after inoculation with the I genus. In the conventional animals, fermentation patterns were similar to those observed in the P-inoculated animals but the differences increased and became significant.Of the three ciliates studied, the P genus had the greatest effect on the digestive parameters which were similar to those found in conventional sheep. This effect could be explained by the ability of the P genus to hydrolyse and ferment most carbohydrates and by its predatory action on bacteria and protozoa.Introduction.

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Ruminal Volatile Fatty Acid Concentrations and Weight Gains of Calves Reared with and Without Ruminal Ciliated Protozoa

Cited by 35 publications

References 0 publications

The role of rumen protozoa in the utilization of paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum) hay by cattle

The role of rumen protozoa in the utilization of paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum) hay by cattle

New perspectives on the use of tropical plants to improve ruminant nutrition

Rôle of the rumen ciliate protozoa Polyplastron multivesiculatum, Entodinium sp. and Isotricha prostoma in the digestion of a mixed diet in sheep

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