Rumen protozoa are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids due to the ingestion of chloroplasts

Huws, Sharon; Kim, Eun J.; Kingston‐Smith, Alison H.; Lee, Michael R. F.; Muetzel, S.; Cookson, Alan; Newbold, C. J.; Wallace, R. J.; Scollan, Nigel D.

doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2009.00717.x

Cited by 37 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…However, in vivo microbial communities composition associated with changes in biohydrogenation have had low correlation 19, 20 and limited explanation of it association 21 . Therefore, further integration of omics technology might be a useful strategy to understand how the shift in the ruminal bacteria population affect the ruminal metabolism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rumen Fluid Metabolomics Analysis Associated with Feed Efficiency on Crossbred Steers

Artegoitia

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Lewis

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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The rumen has a central role in the efficiency of digestion in ruminants. To identify potential differences in rumen function that lead to differences in average daily gain (ADG), rumen fluid metabolomic analysis by LC-MS and multivariate/univariate statistical analysis were used to identify differences in rumen metabolites. Individual feed intake and body-weight was measured on 144 steers during 105 d on a high concentrate ration. Eight steers with the greatest ADG and 8 steers with the least-ADG with dry matter intake near the population average were selected. Blood and rumen fluid was collected from the 16 steers 26 d before slaughter and at slaughter, respectively. As a result of the metabolomics analysis of rumen fluid, 33 metabolites differed between the ADG groups based on t-test, fold changes and partial least square discriminant analysis. These metabolites were primarily involved in linoleic and alpha-linolenic metabolism (impact-value 1.0 and 0.75, respectively; P < 0.05); both pathways were down-regulated in the greatest-ADG compared with least-ADG group. Ruminal biohydrogenation might be associated with the overall animal production. The fatty acids were quantified in rumen and plasma using targeted MS to validate and evaluate the simple combination of metabolites that effectively predict ADG.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rumen Fluid Metabolomics Analysis Associated with Feed Efficiency on Crossbred Steers

Artegoitia

Foote

Lewis

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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“…Fresh forage is typically composed of approx. 50 % 18:3 n-3, 15 % 18:2 n-6 and 15 % 16:0 with the rest being minor contributions from other fatty acids (Huws et al 2009; Huws et al 2012). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and characterization of novel lipases/esterases from a bovine rumen metagenome

Privé

Newbold

Kaderbhai

et al. 2015

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

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Improving the health beneficial fatty acid content of meat and milk is a major challenge requiring an increased understanding of rumen lipid metabolism. In this study, we isolated and characterized rumen bacterial lipases/esterases using functional metagenomics. Metagenomic libraries were constructed from DNA extracted from strained rumen fluid (SRF), solid-attached bacteria (SAB) and liquid-associated rumen bacteria (LAB), ligated into a fosmid vector and subsequently transformed into an Escherichia coli host. Fosmid libraries consisted of 7,744; 8,448; and 7,680 clones with an average insert size of 30 to 35 kbp for SRF, SAB and LAB, respectively. Transformants were screened on spirit blue agar plates containing tributyrin for lipase/esterase activity. Five SAB and four LAB clones exhibited lipolytic activity, and no positive clones were found in the SRF library. Fosmids from positive clones were pyrosequenced and twelve putative lipase/esterase genes and two phospholipase genes retrieved. Although the derived proteins clustered into diverse esterase and lipase families, a degree of novelty was seen, with homology ranging from 40 to 78 % following BlastP searches. Isolated lipases/esterases exhibited activity against mostly short- to medium-chain substrates across a range of temperatures and pH. The function of these novel enzymes recovered in ruminal metabolism needs further investigation, alongside their potential industrial uses.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00253-014-6355-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…A recent study by Huws et al (2009a) showed that the engulfment of chloroplasts is a major contributor to the high LNA concentration of protozoa. This cannot explain the high concentration of CLA and VA in protozoa, however, as these FA are absent from the plant material.…”

Section: Biohydrogenating Activity In the Rumenmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of microbes in rumen lipolysis and biohydrogenation and their manipulation

Lourenço

Ramos-Morales

Wallace

2010

Animal

294

286

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Despite the fact that the ruminant diet is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), ruminant products -meat, milk and dairy -contain mainly saturated fatty acids (SFA) because of bacterial lipolysis and subsequent biohydrogenation of ingested PUFA in the rumen. The link between SFA consumption by man and coronary heart disease is well established. In contrast, ruminant products also contain fatty acids that are known to be beneficial to human health, namely conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs). The aims of research in this field have been to understand the microbial ecology of lipolysis and biohydrogenation and to find ways of manipulating ruminal microbes to increase the flow of PUFA and CLA from the rumen into meat and milk. This review describes our present understanding of the microbial ecology of ruminal lipid metabolism, including some apparently anomalous and paradoxical observations, and the status of how the metabolism may be manipulated and the possible consequential effects on other aspects of ruminal digestion. Intuitively, it may appear that inhibiting the ruminal lipase would cause more dietary PUFA to reach the mammary gland. However, lipolysis releases the non-esterified fatty acids that form the substrates for biohydrogenation, but which can, if they accumulate, inhibit the whole process. Thus, increasing lipase activity could be beneficial if the increased release of non-esterified PUFA inhibited the metabolism of CLA. Rumen ciliate protozoa do not carry out biohydrogenation, yet protozoal lipids are much more highly enriched in CLA than bacterial lipids. How could this happen if protozoa do not metabolise PUFA? The answer seems to lie in the ingestion of plant organelles, particularly chloroplasts, and the partial metabolism of the fatty acids by contaminating bacteria. Bacteria related to Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens are by far the most active and numerous biohydrogenating bacteria isolated from the rumen. But do we misunderstand the role of different bacterial species in biohydrogenation because there are uncultivated species that we need to understand and include in the analysis? Manipulation methods include dietary vegetable and fish oils and plant-derived chemicals. Their usefulness, efficacy and possible effects on fatty acid metabolism and on ruminal microorganisms and other areas of their metabolism are described, and areas of opportunity identified.Keywords: biohydrogenation, cellulose digestion, lipase, microbial protein synthesis, rumen ImplicationsThe conversion of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to saturated fatty acids (SFA) by ruminants has important health implications for human health. However, ruminant products are also rich in conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs), which have positive implications for human health. The transformation from PUFA to SFA (biohydrogenation), and the formation of CLA, is catalysed by the microorganisms that inhabit the rumen. Researchers are finding ways to manipulate biohydrogenation, by identifying the microorganisms responsible and by finding...

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Rumen protozoa are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids due to the ingestion of chloroplasts

Cited by 37 publications

References 49 publications

Rumen Fluid Metabolomics Analysis Associated with Feed Efficiency on Crossbred Steers

Rumen Fluid Metabolomics Analysis Associated with Feed Efficiency on Crossbred Steers

Isolation and characterization of novel lipases/esterases from a bovine rumen metagenome

The role of microbes in rumen lipolysis and biohydrogenation and their manipulation

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