Rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, and nutrient flow to the omasum in cattle offered corn silage, grass silage, or whole-crop wheat1

Owens, David; McGee, M.; Boland, T. M.; O’Kiely, P.

doi:10.2527/jas.2007-0178

Cited by 46 publications

(34 citation statements)

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“…In the present study, butyrate proportion of total SCFA (6%) was low in all cultures compared to other in vivo (Michałowski et al 2003) and in vitro (Ranilla et al 2007) studies, although still in a range measured in the rumen environment (Yáñez-Ruiz et al 2007;Owens et al 2009). This was unexpected for the ciliate cultures because butyrate is an important end product of ciliate metabolism (Gutierrez and Davies 1962;Williams and Coleman 1992) and thus, when ciliates are present, frequently higher molar proportions of butyrate are found as compared to defaunated animals (Eugène et al 2004;Yáñez-Ruiz et al 2007).…”

Section: Effects Of Ciliate Species and Their Corresponding Ciliate-fmentioning

confidence: 75%

In vitro methane formation and carbohydrate fermentation by rumen microbes as influenced by selected rumen ciliate species

Zeitz

Kreuzer

Soliva

2013

European Journal of Protistology

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Ciliate protozoa contribute to ruminal digestion and emission of the greenhouse gas methane. Individual species of ciliates co-cultured with mixed prokaryote populations were hypothesized to utilize carbohydrate types differently. In an in vitro batch culture experiment, 0.6 g of pure cellulose or xylan was incubated for 24 h in 40-mL cultures of Entodinium caudatum, Epidinium ecaudatum, and Eudiplodinium maggii with accompanying prokaryotes. Irrespective of ciliate species, gas formation (mL) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) concentrations (mmol L(-1)) were higher with xylan (71; 156) than with cellulose (52; 105). Methane did not differ (7.9% of total gas). The SCFA profiles resulting from fermentation of the carbohydrates were similar before and after removing the ciliates from the mixed microbial population. However, absolute methane production (mL 24 h(-1)) was lower by 50% on average after removing E. caudatum and E. maggii. Methanogen copies were less without E. maggii, but not without E. ecaudatum. Within 3 weeks part of this difference was compensated. Butyrate proportion was higher in cultures with E. maggii and E. ecaudatum than with E. caudatum and only when fermenting xylan. In conclusion, the three ciliate species partly differed in their response to carbohydrate type and in supporting methane formation. AbstractCiliate protozoa contribute to ruminal digestion and emission of the greenhouse gas methane. Individual species of ciliates co-cultured with mixed prokaryote populations were hypothesized to utilize carbohydrate types differently. In an in vitro batch culture experiment, 0.6 g of pure cellulose or xylan was incubated for 24 h in 40-mL cultures of Entodinium caudatum, Epidinium ecaudatum, and Eudiplodinium maggii with accompanying prokaryotes. Irrespective of ciliate species, gas formation (mL) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) concentrations (mmol L −1 ) were higher with xylan (71; 156) than with cellulose (52; 105). Methane did not differ (7.9% of total gas). The SCFA profiles resulting from fermentation of the carbohydrates were similar before and after removing the ciliates from the mixed microbial population. However, absolute methane production (mL 24 h −1 ) was lower by 50% on average after removing E. caudatum and E. maggii. Methanogen copies were less without E. maggii, but not without E. ecaudatum. Within 3 weeks part of this difference was compensated. Butyrate proportion was higher in cultures with E. maggii and E. ecaudatum than with E. caudatum and only when fermenting xylan. In conclusion, the three ciliate species partly differed in their response to carbohydrate type and in supporting methane formation.

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Section: Effects Of Ciliate Species and Their Corresponding Ciliate-fmentioning

confidence: 75%

In vitro methane formation and carbohydrate fermentation by rumen microbes as influenced by selected rumen ciliate species

Zeitz

Kreuzer

Soliva

2013

European Journal of Protistology

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“…These results are consistent with Eastridge et al (2009) who reported that the rumen fermentation characteristics were not affected by the forage sources. The lack of differences in proportions of acetate and propionate may be due to the similar concentrations of NDF and starch content (Owens et al, 2009). In agreement with the literature reported by Eastridge et al (2009) and Gencoglu and Turkmen (2006), the concentrations of isobutyrate, isovalerate, and valerate were similar among the diets, which might be due to the similar degradation of protein because branched-chain VFA are derived primarily from dietary proteins (Berthiaume et al, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Forage Sources on Rumen Fermentation Characteristics, Performance, and Microbial Protein Synthesis in Midlactation Cows

Xu¹,

Hou²,

Yang³

et al. 2014

Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci

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Eight multiparous Holstein cows (632±12 kg BW; 135±16 DIM) were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin square design to evaluate the effects of forage sources on rumen fermentation characteristics, performance, and microbial protein (MCP) synthesis. The forage portion of the diets contained alfalfa hay (AH), oat hay (OH), Leymus chinensis (LC), or rice straw (RS) as the primary source of fiber. Diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric, and cows were fed four corn silages based total mixed rations with equivalent nonfiber carbohydrate (NFC) and forage neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Dry matter intake was not affected by the source of dietary forages, ranging from 18.83 to 19.20 kg/d, consequently, milk yield was similar among diets. Because of the numerical differences in milk fat and milk protein concentrations, 4% FCM and ECM yields were unchanged (p>0.05). Mean rumen pH, NH3-N content, and concentrations of volatile fatty acids in the rumen fluid were not affected by the treatments (p>0.05). Dietary treatments did not affect the total tract apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein (p>0.05); however, digestibility of NDF and acid detergent fiber in RS diet was higher compared with AH, OH, and LC diets (p<0.05). Total purine derivative excretion was higher in cows fed AH, OH, and LC diets compared with those fed RS diet (p<0.05), consequently, estimated MCP synthesis was 124.35 g/d higher in cows fed AH diet compared with those fed RS diet (p<0.05). The results indicated that cows fed AH, OH, LC, and RS diets with an equivalent forage NDF and NFC have no unfavourable effect on the ruminal fermentation and productive parameters.

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“…In the case of the UPWCW, this poorer efficiency of energy utilisation may be due to the energy required to excrete excess non-protein nitrogen. In a companion study to the present experiment, Owens et al (2007) suggested that a rapidly fermentable source of OM may be required with this diet for greater capture of rumen ammonia. The improved efficiency of utilisation of energy with the MS in the present experiment is in agreement with the findings of Keady et al (2007) where it was concluded that replacing grass silage with maize silage increased carcass gain and weight of finishing beef cattle due to higher intakes and improved utilisation of ME.…”

Section: Animal Performancementioning

confidence: 91%

Intake, performance and carcass characteristics of beef cattle offered diets based on whole-crop wheat or forage maize relative to grass silage or ad libitum concentrates

et al. 2008

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Rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, and nutrient flow to the omasum in cattle offered corn silage, grass silage, or whole-crop wheat1

Cited by 46 publications

References 50 publications

In vitro methane formation and carbohydrate fermentation by rumen microbes as influenced by selected rumen ciliate species

In vitro methane formation and carbohydrate fermentation by rumen microbes as influenced by selected rumen ciliate species

Effects of Forage Sources on Rumen Fermentation Characteristics, Performance, and Microbial Protein Synthesis in Midlactation Cows

Intake, performance and carcass characteristics of beef cattle offered diets based on whole-crop wheat or forage maize relative to grass silage or ad libitum concentrates

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