Rugoscopy: Human identification by computer-assisted photographic superimposition technique

Abstract

Background:Human identification has been studied since fourteenth century and it has gradually advanced for forensic purposes. Traditional methods such as dental, fingerprint, and DNA comparisons are probably the most common techniques used in this context, allowing fast and secure identification processes. But, in circumstances where identification of an individual by fingerprint or dental record comparison is difficult, palatal rugae may be considered as an alternative source of material.Aim:The present study was done to evaluate the individualistic nature and use of palatal rugae patterns for personal identification and also to test the efficiency of computerized software for forensic identification by photographic superimposition of palatal photographs obtained from casts.Materials and Methods:Two sets of Alginate impressions were made from the upper arches of 100 individuals (50 males and 50 females) with one month interval in between and the casts were poured. All the teeth except the incisors were removed to ensure that only the palate could be used in identification process. In one set of the casts, the palatal rugae were highlighted with a graphite pencil. All the 200 casts were randomly numbered, and then, they were photographed with a 10.1 Mega Pixel Kodak digital camera using standardized method. Using computerized software, the digital photographs of the models without highlighting the palatal rugae were overlapped over the images (transparent) of the palatal rugae with highlighted palatal rugae, in order to identify the pairs by superimposition technique. Incisors were remained and used as landmarks to determine the magnification required to bring the two set of photographs to the same size, in order to make perfect superimposition of images.Results:The result of the overlapping of the digital photographs of highlighted palatal rugae over normal set of models without highlighted palatal rugae resulted in 100% positive identification.Conclusion:This study showed that utilization of palatal photographs is highly viable. The photographic superimposition technique using Adobe Photoshop 8.0 software (used in this study for comparison of palatal rugae) was proved effective for human identification and can be used when ante-mortem data regarding palatal rugae is provided. This study also concluded that palatal rugae are highly individualistic and play an important role as a complementary method in personal identification.

Histological appearance of postmortem pink teeth: Report of two cases

“…Identification based on dental information is a highly efficient, reliable, and rapid procedure. [ 1 2 ] Knowledge in rugoscopy,[ 3 4 ] chelioscopy,[ 5 6 ] bite marks,[ 7 8 ] radiographs,[ 9 10 ] tooth DNA analysis[ 11 12 13 ] and so on, plays an important role in medico legal investigation. However, still many questions in the field of Forensic Odontology remain unanswered.…”

Replicas in forensic dentistry for human identification

“…The rugae patterns have been studied for innumerable purposes, mainly in the fields of anthropology, comparative anatomy, genetics, forensic odontology, prosthodontics, and orthodontics. 3,11…”

Revisión sistemática de las aplicaciones de la rugoscopía en las ciencias forenses

“…a) Determinación del sexo Se han realizado numerosos estudios para determinar la diferenciación sexual mediante la técnica rugoscópica pero lo único que se puede afirmar hasta el momento es que la rugoscopía solo es un método complementario para la determinación del sexo de un individuo no identificado. Pese a que varios autores han manifestado que los patrones de rugas palatinas son elementos fiables para determinación de sexo en NN, todos ellos están basados en un reducido número de muestras poblacionales, por lo que no se hace fehaciente ni totalmente demostrable que la rugoscopía sirva por si sola como un determinante sexual [20][21], [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. b) Determinación de afinidad biológica No se encontraron diferencias significativas, lo que sí podemos afirmar es que solo es un método de predicción o una herramienta más para la diferenciación étnica que debe desarrollarse aún para ser más precisa, ya que de los estudios realizados ninguno fue concluyente [35][36][37][38][39][40][41].…”

“…La fotografía ha demostrado ser verdaderamente viable como herramienta adicional en el proceso de identificación humana mediante la rugoscopía [62]. Esta es utilizada por superposición, buscando la coincidencia por comparación.…”

“…Puede ser utilizada post mortem o ante mortem como parte de la historia clínica de un paciente [63]. Esta técnica se puede realizar en mano o con software específico para comparar rugas palatinas (PRCS o el Adobe Photoshop versión 7.0 y 8.0) [62][63][64]. Las radiografías 2D han demostrado ser de gran valor en la identificación de NN [65].…”