Rubratoxins

Moss, Maurice O.; Robinson, Francis; Wood, A. B.

doi:10.1039/j39710000619

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Talaromyces purpurogenus isolates can produce four different mycotoxins: rubratoxins (A & B) (Moss et al 1968, 1971, Moss & Hill 1970), rugulovasines (A and B) and chlororugulovasins A and B (Cole et al 1976, Dorner et al 1980, Mapari et al 2009), luteoskyrin (reported here) and spiculisporic acid (Oxford & Raistrick 1934) (Table 2, 3) (see Frisvad 1989, as P. crateriforme ), in addition to mitorubrins (mitorubrin, mitorubrinol, mitorubrinol acetate, mitorubrinic acid) (Büchi et al 1965, Chong et al 1971), N-glutarylrubropunctamine, PP-R, monascin and monascorubramine (Mapari et al 2009, as P. crateriforme ) and purpactins (Nishida et al 1991, Tomoda et al 1991). We could confirm the production of rubratoxins, rugulovasines, luteoskyrin, mitorubrins, ‘ Monascus red pigments’ and purpactins in T. purpurogenus (Table 3).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delimitation and characterisation of <I>Talaromyces purpurogenus </I> and related species

Yılmaz¹,

Houbraken²,

Hoekstra³

et al. 2012

Pers - Int Mycol J

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Taxa of the Talaromyces purpurogenus complex were studied using a polyphasic approach. ITS barcodes were used to show relationships between species of the T. purpurogenus complex and other Talaromyces species. RPB1, RPB2, β-tubulin and calmodulin sequences were used to delimit phylogenetic species in the complex. These data, combined with phenotypic characters, showed that the complex contains four species: T. purpurogenus, T. ruber comb. nov. and two new species T. amestolkiae sp. nov. and T. stollii sp. nov. The latter three species belong to the same clade and T. purpurogenus is located in a phylogenetic distant clade. The four species all share similar conidiophore morphologies, but can be distinguished by macromorphological characters. Talaromyces ruber has a very distinct colony texture on malt extract agar (MEA), produces bright yellow and red mycelium on yeast extract sucrose agar (YES) and does not produce acid on creatine sucrose agar (CREA). In contrast, T. amestolkiae and T. stollii produce acid on CREA. These two species can be differentiated by the slower growth rate of T. amestolkiae on CYA incubated at 36 °C. Furthermore, T. stollii produces soft synnemata-like structures in the centre of colonies on most media. Extrolite analysis confirms the distinction of four species in the T. purpurogenus complex. The red diffusing pigment in T. purpurogenus is a mixture of the azaphilone extrolites also found in Monascus species, including N-glutarylrubropunctamine and rubropunctatin. Talaromyces purpurogenus produced four different kinds of mycotoxins: rubratoxins, luteoskyrin, spiculisporic acid and rugulovasins and these mycotoxins were not detected in the other three species.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delimitation and characterisation of <I>Talaromyces purpurogenus </I> and related species

Yılmaz¹,

Houbraken²,

Hoekstra³

et al. 2012

Pers - Int Mycol J

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“…Rubratoxines A and B and rugulovasines A and B had been isolated from a culture broth of this fungus. [1][2][3] Our investigation of the metabolites of this fungus has now led to the isolation of new metabolites designated as rubralactone (1), rubralides A, B and C (2-4), rubramin (5), and 2-formyl-3,5-dihydroxy-4-methylbenzoic acid (6) from the culture filtrate. We report here the isolation, structural determination and effects on plant growth of 1-6.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rubralactone, Rubralides A, B and C, and Rubramin Produced byPenicillium rubrum

Kimura¹,

Yoshinari²,

Koshino³

et al. 2007

Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry

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“…The substantial yield of mycelium (1.5 g) obtained when this nitrogen mixture was used could have resulted from the extra phosphate present thus enhancing glucose catabolism (3,9,15). Enhancement of mold growth and rubratoxin formation by asparagine might have resulted from its extra amide nitrogen which provided material for protein synthesis, improved growth (than when other nitrogen sources were used), and toxin formation (3,12,14). The smaller yield ofmycelium (0.1 g) when P. rubrum P-13 grew in glucose-salts broth fortified with nitrate could have resulted from accumulation of nitrate, a toxic substance (9,15).…”

Section: Data Inmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Shaking at 106 200 strokes/min increased glucose consumption (and therefore increased yield of mycelium after 5 days) but also increased the rate of synthesis of secondary metabolites, namely pigments ofP. rubrum (14). Loss of toxin as a result ofmycelial elements carried to the neck of the culture flask was considerable when shaking was excessive.…”

Section: Formation Q/rubratoxin In Shake Culturesmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Rubratoxin was confirmed by UV absorption spectrophotometry using a Beckman ACTA III Scanning UV-VIS spectrophotometer (Beckman Instruments Inc., Fullerton, California) at 251 and 252 nm, and the molar extinction coefficients recommended by Moss (14). Toxin concentration was calculated from optical density readings based on a standard graph and taking into account the dilutions involved.…”

Section: Rubratoxin Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rubratoxin production by penicillium rubrum when grown in a synthetic medium containing different sources of carbon and nitrogen

Emeh

Marth

1977

Mycopathologia

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A sterile mineral salts broth was fortified with different additives, inoculated with conidia of Penicillium rubrum P-13, and incubated quiescently for 14 days or with shaking for 3 to 5 days. Maximal fungal growth and rubratoxin production occurred when the broth contained 20~o sucrose. Broth with 10~o glucose, 10~o fructose, 5% maltose, or 1 }~, asparagine supported formation of substantial amounts of rubratoxin (52.9-78.5 rag/100 ml). When the broth was fortified with glucose plus lysine, arginine aspartic acid, cystine, ammonium citrate, or ammonium phosphate, moderate amounts (27.5 39.5 mg/100 ml) of rubratoxin and mycelium (0.1-1.5 g/100 ml) were produced. Presence in the broth of 5 ~o galactose or starch resulted in accumulation of small amounts (22.2 and 24.6 mg/100 ml, respectively) of rubratoxin and mold tissue (0.70 and 0.5 g/ 100 ml, respectively). Whereas some toxin was recovered from mineral salts broth fortified with lactose or ribose, toxin was not recovered when the mold grew in broth containing mannitol or fumarate. With the exception of gluconate which supported some growth and toxin formation and ethanol which permitted formation of small amounts of toxin, other carbon sources resulted in little or no fungal growth and no toxin formation. Yields of rubratoxin decreased with an increase in amount of agitation or length of incubation ofP. rubrum cultures. Mold growth increased and toxin formation decreased with an increase in volume of culture,

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Rubratoxins

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Delimitation and characterisation of <I>Talaromyces purpurogenus </I> and related species

Delimitation and characterisation of <I>Talaromyces purpurogenus </I> and related species

Rubralactone, Rubralides A, B and C, and Rubramin Produced byPenicillium rubrum

Rubratoxin production by penicillium rubrum when grown in a synthetic medium containing different sources of carbon and nitrogen

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