Rubia cordifolia L. Crude Aerial Part Extracts Show a High Potential as Antimalarials against Chloroquine Resistant Plasmodium falciparum Strains in vitro

Abstract

Introduction: Plasmodium falciparum human malaria parasite is resistant to most available medicines in Africa, necessitating research for new drugs. Rubia cordifolia L. is used in traditional malaria treatment in Kenya despite no supporting scientific data. Objectives: To evaluate anti-plasmodial efficacy of extracts from the aerial part of Rubia cordifolia against chloroquine sensitive (3D7) and resistant (W2) Plasmodium falciparum strains. Methods: Hexane, methanol and water were separately used in crude extractions from open shade dried aerial plant parts. Phytochemical composition was determined qualitatively. Anti-plasmodial efficacy of serial dilutions (range; 0.4 to 50 μg/ml) of each extract were evaluated in vitro and compared using ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test, at p<0.05). Results: All the extracts significantly inhibited parasites growth, in a dose dependent manner. At 50 μg/ml, inhibition was (84.07%, 77.94% and 66.08%) for hexane, methanol and water extracts respectively against W2 and (80.06%, 78.36% and 60.92%) against 3D7 strain. Hexane extract showed IC 50 0.551 µg/ml and 2.747 micrograms/ml against W2 and 3D7 respectively. Methanol extract, IC 50 1.231 and 3.528 µ g/ml respectively, aqueous extract showed moderate activity, IC 50 5.348 μg/ml and 17.341 µg/ml against the strains respectively. Chloroquine resistant (W2 strain) was more responsive to the extracts than 3D7 strain. Conclusion: Anti-plasmodial activities were in the order, Hexane>methanol>aqueous and were attributed to the phytochemicals present in the extracts. This presents evidence of R. cordifolia as anti-malarial drugs' source. Further work is required to identify, purify, and characterize active molecules for development of anti-malaria drugs.

Quest for malaria management using natural remedies

“…Hexane extract showed an IC 50 0.551 μg/mL, while methanol extract gave encouraging results with an IC 50 1.231 μg/mL. However, the aqueous extract showed moderate activity (IC 50 = 5.348 μg/mL) ( Jeremiah et al, 2023 ; Table 3 ).…”