Rubella Vaccines

Reef, Susan E.; Plotkin, Stanley А.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-35761-6.00052-3

Cited by 18 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 658 publications

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“…Concerning the number of doses, even in subjects who received only the first vaccine dose, the seroprevalence value reached was already high (96.2%), and progressively, it reached the total (100%) in subjects who had received two or more doses. As widely discussed in the literature and confirmed by our statistical analysis, the administration of a second dose may increase the probability to seroconvert anti-rubella IgG in non-responder subjects [ 10 , 11 , 40 ]. Furthermore, catching-up the unvaccinated subjects and/or those who received only one dose is a crucial aspect to increase the global immunity level; the most represented and yet hardest reachable category in our study is the adolescents.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

“…The rubella rash occurs in 50–80% of rubella-infected subjects, and it is sometimes misdiagnosed as measles or scarlet fever. [ 10 , 11 ]. Rubella disease is generally mild, and a few complications may occur, including arthralgia and chronic arthritis (common) [ 12 ], and thrombocytopenia and encephalitis (less common) [ 13 , 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The risk of CRS is related to the gestational age at the time of maternal infection. Specifically, the first trimester is the most dangerous period for the fetus to develop abnormalities (i.e., sensorineural deafness, cataracts, pigmentary retinopathy and patent ductus arteriosus); then, the incidence of fetal disease declines during the next month, and, between the 16th and the 20th weeks, only deafness has been reported as a complication [ 11 ]. Despite the availability of a safe, effective and inexpensive vaccine, rubella infections remain among the leading causes of preventable congenital birth defects globally.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rubella Seroprevalence Boost in the Pediatric and Adolescent Population of Florence (Italy) as a Preventive Strategy for Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS)

et al. 2020

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Background: Despite the availability of an effective vaccine since the 1970s, rubella disease and, importantly, congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) remain a public health concern. The aim of this study was to analyze the rubella seroprevalence in the children population of the province of Florence and compare the obtained results to a previous survey conducted in 2005–2006. Methods: A qualitative measurement of anti-rubella antibodies was performed on 165 sera using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The anamnestic and vaccination status was also collected. Results: Our study highlighted a very high rubella seroprevalence (85–100%) in our enrolled population. In the vaccinated group (153/165), 98.7% of them were positive to rubella antibodies. Conclusions: Our study showed the highest seroprevalence rate reached in the province of Florence for rubella in the last 15 years, thanks to the several successful vaccination campaigns promoted in the Tuscany region. Our findings in pediatric and adolescent subjects are a key factor in preventing CRS in adult life, specifically in childbearing women. Thus, the set goal will be to keep the awareness about the vaccination for this preventable disease high.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rubella Seroprevalence Boost in the Pediatric and Adolescent Population of Florence (Italy) as a Preventive Strategy for Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS)

et al. 2020

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“…25,26 Rubella antibody seropositivity was defined as ³ 10 IU/mL. 27 Measles antibody seropositivity was defined as 314 MFI-bg units, as described previously.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of Measles, Rubella, Tetanus, and Diphtheria Antibodies among Children in Haiti, 2017

Minta

Andre-Alboth

Childs

et al. 2020

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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In Haiti, measles, rubella, and maternal and neonatal tetanus have been eliminated, but a diphtheria outbreak is ongoing as of 2019. We conducted a nationally representative, household-based, two-stage cluster survey among children aged 5-7 years in 2017 to assess progress toward maintenance of control and elimination of selected vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs). We stratified Haiti into West region (West department, including the capital city) and non-West region (all other departments). We obtained vaccination history and dried blood spots, and measured antibody concentrations to VPDs on a multiplex bead assay. Among 1,146 children, national seropositivity was 83% (95% CI: 80-86%) for tetanus, 83% (95% CI: 81-85%) for diphtheria, 87% (95% CI: 85-89%) for measles, and 84% (95% CI: 81-87%) for rubella. None of the children had long-term immunity to tetanus or diphtheria (IgG concentration ³ 1 international unit/mL). Seropositivity in the West region was lower than that in the non-West region. Vaccination coverage was 68% (95% CI: 61-74%) for ³ 3 doses of tetanus-and diphtheria-containing vaccine (DTP3), 84% (95% CI: 80-87%) for one dose of measles-rubella vaccine (MR1), and 20% (95% CI: 16-24%) for MR2. The seroprevalence of measles, rubella, and diphtheria antibodies is lower than population immunity levels needed to prevent disease transmission, particularly in the West region; reintroduction of these diseases could lead to an outbreak. To maintain VPD control and elimination, Haiti should achieve DTP3 and MR2 coverage ³ 95%, and include tetanus and diphtheria booster doses in the routine immunization schedule.

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“…A systematic review (SR) makes use of predetermined methods to obtain, evaluate, and collate available individual studies on a specific research question [ 7 , 8 ]. SRs are deemed as providing the highest level of evidence for health care interventions [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Rubella Vaccine Introduction on Rubella Infection and Congenital Rubella Syndrome: A Systematic Review of Mathematical Modelling Studies

et al. 2021

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Introduction: Rubella vaccines have been used to prevent rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in several World Health Organization (WHO) regions. Mathematical modelling studies have simulated introduction of rubella-containing vaccines (RCVs), and their results have been used to inform rubella introduction strategies in several countries. This systematic review aimed to synthesize the evidence from mathematical models regarding the impact of introducing RCVs. Methods: We registered the review in the international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO) with registration number CRD42020192638. Systematic review methods for classical epidemiological studies and reporting guidelines were followed as far as possible. A comprehensive search strategy was used to identify published and unpublished studies with no language restrictions. We included deterministic and stochastic models that simulated RCV introduction into the public sector vaccination schedule, with a time horizon of at least five years. Models focused only on estimating epidemiological parameters were excluded. Outcomes of interest were time to rubella and CRS elimination, trends in incidence of rubella and CRS, number of vaccinated individuals per CRS case averted, and cost-effectiveness of vaccine introduction strategies. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed using a modified risk of bias tool, and a qualitative narrative was provided, given that data synthesis was not feasible. Results: Seven studies were included from a total of 1393 records retrieved. The methodological quality was scored high for six studies and very high for one study. Quantitative data synthesis was not possible, because only one study reported point estimates and uncertainty intervals for the outcomes. All seven included studies presented trends in rubella incidence, six studies reported trends in CRS incidence, two studies reported the number vaccinated individuals per CRS case averted, and two studies reported an economic evaluation measure. Time to CRS elimination and time to rubella elimination were not reported by any of the included studies. Reported trends in CRS incidence showed elimination within five years of RCV introduction with scenarios involving mass vaccination of older children in addition to routine infant vaccination. CRS incidence was higher with RCV introduction than without RCV when public vaccine coverage was lower than 50% or only private sector vaccination was implemented. Although vaccination of children at a given age achieved slower declines in CRS incidence compared to mass campaigns targeting a wide age range, this approach resulted in the lowest number of vaccinated individuals per CRS case averted. Conclusion and recommendations: We were unable to conduct data synthesis of included studies due to discrepancies in outcome reporting. However, qualitative assessment of results of individual studies suggests that vaccination of infants should be combined with vaccination of older children to achieve rapid elimination of CRS. Better outcomes are obtained when rubella vaccination is introduced into public vaccination schedules at coverage figures of 80%, as recommended by WHO, or higher. Guidelines for reporting of outcomes in mathematical modelling studies and the conduct of systematic reviews of mathematical modelling studies are required.

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Rubella Vaccines

Cited by 18 publications

References 658 publications

Rubella Seroprevalence Boost in the Pediatric and Adolescent Population of Florence (Italy) as a Preventive Strategy for Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS)

Rubella Seroprevalence Boost in the Pediatric and Adolescent Population of Florence (Italy) as a Preventive Strategy for Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS)

Seroprevalence of Measles, Rubella, Tetanus, and Diphtheria Antibodies among Children in Haiti, 2017

The Impact of Rubella Vaccine Introduction on Rubella Infection and Congenital Rubella Syndrome: A Systematic Review of Mathematical Modelling Studies

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