Rubella seroprevalence among primary and pre- primary school pupils at Moi's Bridge location, Uasin Gishu District, Kenya

Kombich, Janeth; Muchai, Paul C; Tukei, P.M.; Borus, Peter

doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-269

Cited by 18 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Although our study agrees with some studies such as by Karakoc et al ( 23 ) that show no significant association of the outcome with economic status, low socio-economic status has also been seen to be associated with risk of rubella infection in other studies ( 24 , 25 ). Our study agrees with authors such as Kombich et al ( 25 ) that found no association between education and rubella infection.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Characterization of Rubella Seronegative Females in the Zambian Blood Donor Community

Mazaba

Monze

Babaniyi

et al. 2015

Front. Public Health

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Rubella is an acute, contagious viral infection caused by a teratogenic enveloped single-stranded RNA virus, rubella virus, a member of the togaviridae family. Though causing generally mild infections in children and adults, it is a disease of public health importance in pregnant women causing major problems including abortions, miscarriages, and congenital rubella syndrome in more than 20% of the susceptible population. This study was carried out to determine the characteristics associated with rubella seronegativity among female blood donors in Zambia. Rubella-specific IgG antibody levels were measured in the blood serum. Proportions were compared using the Chi-squared test at the 5% significance level, and magnitudes of associations were determined using the odds ratio and its 95% confidence interval. Of the 124 female blood donors tested for rubella IgG 46.0% were aged <20 years. Overall, 66.7% of the participants had never been married. More than half (62.1%) of the participants resided in rural areas of the country. Of the 114 participants with recorded level of education, 50.1% had at least completed secondary school. Out of 43 participants with recorded current employment status, 44.2% were not working for pay. A total of 10 (8.1%) participants were seronegative to rubella IgG antibodies. No factors were associated with seronegativity. Protection against rubella through natural infection appears inadequate to protect the population, increasing the risk of CRS.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Characterization of Rubella Seronegative Females in the Zambian Blood Donor Community

Mazaba

Monze

Babaniyi

et al. 2015

Front. Public Health

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“…A high social economic status, which implies good living conditions, has been found to be associated with a lower risk to acquire rubella i nfection [20]. As in studies undertaken in Kenya [14,19], an increase in age was associated with an increase in rubella sero-positivity. A large proportion of women in Tanzania are involved in farming activities and reside in villages, and they also tend to have their first pregnancy at a low age (15–24).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Sero-positivity rate of rubella and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Mwanza, Tanzania

Mwambe

Mirambo

Mshana

et al. 2014

BMC Pregnancy Childbirth

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BackgroundSero-positivity rates of the rubella virus among pregnant women vary widely throughout the world. In Tanzania, rubella vaccination is not included in the national immunization schedule and there is therefore no antenatal screening for this viral disease. So far, there are no reports on the sero-prevalence of rubella among pregnant women in Tanzania. As a result, this study was undertaken to establish the sero-positivity rate of rubella and rubella risk factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care clinics in Mwanza, Tanzania.MethodsFrom November 2012 to May 2013 a total of 350 pregnant women were enrolled and their serum samples collected and analyzed using the AXSYM anti-rubella virus IgG/IgM-MEIA test. Demographic and clinical data were collected using a standardized data collection tool. Data analysis was done using STATA version 12.ResultsOf 342 pregnant women tested for rubella antibodies, 317 (92.6%) were positive for anti-rubella IgG while only 1 (0.3%) was positive for IgM. Higher sero-positivity rates were found in the age group of 25–44 years. Furthermore, it was observed that with each year increase in age, the risk of contracting rubella increases by 12% (OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.02-1.22, P = 0.019). Women involved in farming and business women were at a higher risk of contracting rubella infection compared to formally employed women (OR: 4.9, P = 0.011; OR 7.1, p = 0.003 respectively). In univariate analysis, the risk of contracting rubella virus infection was found to increase with gestational age with a statistical significance.ConclusionsSero-positivity rates of rubella are high in Mwanza and are significantly associated with an increase in age and being a farmer or a business woman. Screening of rubella and immunization of women at risk are highly recommended in this area with a high non-immune rate against rubella virus.

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“…As expected, the proportion seropositive increased with age, but was lower than previous reports in the region. 43–45 This may be due to differences in urban and rural populations, with lower population densities and risk of exposure in rural areas. Introduction of measles-rubella vaccines may increase the age of infection, 31 therefore a large number of susceptible youth is a cause for concern.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measles and Rubella Seroprevalence Among HIV–infected and Uninfected Zambian Youth

Sutcliffe

Searle

Matakala

et al. 2017

Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal

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Background Measles and congenital rubella syndrome remain significant causes of morbidity and mortality despite available vaccines. HIV-infected youth may be at increased risk of measles because of greater waning immunity following vaccination. At a population level, they constitute a potentially large pool of susceptibles to measles and rubella. More data among HIV-infected youth in sub-Saharan Africa are needed to guide vaccination policy and control strategies. Methods This cross-sectional study was nested within two ongoing studies of malaria and HIV in Zambia. Dried blood spot cards from youth (5–15 years) in these studies from 2009–2013 were tested for IgG antibodies to measles and rubella viruses. HIV-uninfected youth, HIV-infected treatment-naïve youth, and HIV-infected youth receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) were compared. Results 617 HIV-uninfected, 144 HIV-infected treatment-naïve, and 128 HIV-infected youth receiving ART were included in the study. The proportion seropositive for measles virus was significantly higher among HIV-uninfected youth (92.5%) compared to HIV-infected treatment-naïve youth (74.1%) and HIV-infected youth receiving ART (71.9%). No differences by age were observed. The proportion seropositive for rubella virus was significantly higher among HIV-uninfected youth (54.7%) compared with HIV-infected treatment-naïve youth (41.7%) and HIV-infected youth receiving ART (49.6%), with increases observed by age for all groups. Conclusions Measles seroprevalence was lower among HIV-infected than uninfected youth, consistent with waning immunity following measles vaccination. HIV-infected youth would likely benefit from revaccination. Half of all youth in rural Zambia were susceptible to rubella and may need targeting for catch-up rubella campaigns when measles-rubella vaccine is introduced.

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Rubella seroprevalence among primary and pre- primary school pupils at Moi's Bridge location, Uasin Gishu District, Kenya

Cited by 18 publications

References 10 publications

Characterization of Rubella Seronegative Females in the Zambian Blood Donor Community

Characterization of Rubella Seronegative Females in the Zambian Blood Donor Community

Sero-positivity rate of rubella and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Mwanza, Tanzania

Measles and Rubella Seroprevalence Among HIV–infected and Uninfected Zambian Youth

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