Rubella (German measles) revisited

Leung, Alexander K C; Hon, KL; Kf, Leong

doi:10.12809/hkmj187785

Cited by 40 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The risk of transmission differs depending on the timing of maternal infection. 47 A study conducted in England from 1976 to 1978 found that when maternal infection occurred within the first 12 weeks of gestation, the fetal infection rate reached >80%; at the end of second trimester, it could drop to 25%; at 27 to 30 weeks, it could be 35%; and when it occurred during the last month of gestation, the rate could get close to 100%. 48 Rubella infection has an incubation period of 14 to 21 days and can be asymptomatic (ie, subclinical) in 25% to 50% of individuals.…”

Section: R -Congenital Rubellamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prodromal symptoms include low-grade fever, malaise, anorexia, nausea, non-exudative conjunctivitis, coryza, cough, sore throat, headache, petechiae on the soft palate (Forchheimer spots) and postauricular area, and occipital and/or posterior cervical lymphadenopathy. 47,49 These symptoms, though common in adolescents and adults, are unusual in children. 47 Prodromal symptoms are usually followed by the characteristic pinpoint, erythematous, maculopapular rash in 50% to 80% of cases, starting on the face, later spreading to the trunk and limbs, and becoming generalised within 24 hours.…”

Section: R -Congenital Rubellamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…47,49 These symptoms, though common in adolescents and adults, are unusual in children. 47 Prodromal symptoms are usually followed by the characteristic pinpoint, erythematous, maculopapular rash in 50% to 80% of cases, starting on the face, later spreading to the trunk and limbs, and becoming generalised within 24 hours. 47 The rash usually subsides in 3 days and fades in the same directional pattern as it appears.…”

Section: R -Congenital Rubellamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…47 Prodromal symptoms are usually followed by the characteristic pinpoint, erythematous, maculopapular rash in 50% to 80% of cases, starting on the face, later spreading to the trunk and limbs, and becoming generalised within 24 hours. 47 The rash usually subsides in 3 days and fades in the same directional pattern as it appears. Some individuals, mostly adolescents and adult women, may also experience polyarthritis and polyarthralgia approximately 1 week after the rash.…”

Section: R -Congenital Rubellamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Congenital infections in Hong Kong: an overview of TORCH

Leung¹,

Hon²,

Yeung

et al. 2020

Hong Kong Med J

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Congenital infections refer to a group of perinatal infections that may have similar clinical presentations, including rash and ocular findings. TORCH is the acronym that covers these infections (toxoplasmosis, other [syphilis], rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus). There are, however, other important causes of intrauterine/ perinatal infections, including enteroviruses, varicella zoster virus, Zika virus, and parvovirus B19. Intrauterine and perinatal infections are significant causes of fetal and neonatal mortality and important contributors to childhood morbidity. A high index of suspicion for congenital infections and awareness of the prominent features of the most common congenital infections can help to facilitate early diagnosis, tailor appropriate diagnostic evaluation, and if appropriate, initiate early treatments. In the absence of maternal laboratory results diagnostic of intrauterine infections, congenital infections should be suspected in newborns with certain clinical features or combinations of clinical features, including hydrops fetalis, microcephaly, seizures,

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Section: R -Congenital Rubellamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: R -Congenital Rubellamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: R -Congenital Rubellamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: R -Congenital Rubellamentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Congenital infections in Hong Kong: an overview of TORCH

Leung¹,

Hon²,

Yeung

et al. 2020

Hong Kong Med J

Self Cite

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“…In 1814, George Maton, first perceived a specific disease that was mellow and had symptoms like rash, adenopathy and very low fever 8 . Henry Veale, in 1866, named the illness rubella 9 . The disease was in little consideration before 1942, when Norman Gregg saw the first-trimester maternal rubella caused genuine birth problems 10 .…”

Section: History Of Rubella Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2019

IJPSR

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Rubella is an eradicable illness on the grounds of immunization against it produces solid protection. The name rubella comes from the Latin language, and it means "little red". In olden times people thought that rubella was a variant of measles. German literature first described it as a separate disease, and hence it was also called "German Measles". People are the main reservoir of the infection. Before inoculation, rubella was endemic around the world, with plagues occurring every 6-9 years. Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) acquires a very important place in rubella infection since it leads to a highly damaging effect on the health of newborns. It is transmitted to them by their mothers who have acquired this infection. Babies conceived every year with inborn rubella disorder is a disaster. Although, effective vaccination programs against rubella, especially in combination with immunization against measles has led to the eradication of this disease especially in developed countries like United States of America, still it is vital to recollect that having a powerful antibody does not ensure control of sicknessthe immunization must be appropriated to all who require it. This review focused on the history, mechanism of rubella infection, manifestation and preventive measures for rubella in India. Indian government has launched MR vaccination campaign targeting the children of 9-12 year age group. INTRODUCTION: Rubella is an infection that is spread through the air or by close contact in humans. Rubella virus (RV) belongs to the genus rubivirus. It belongs to the family Togaviridae. Rubella virus infection brings about various complications in a human-like maculopapular rash, second rate fever, lymphadenopathy, sore throat and general disquietude 1. Its genetic material consists of positive-stranded sense RNA 2 .

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Co‐Occurrence of Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Congenital Heart Disease: Etiologies and Management

Yang

Fan

et al. 2023

The Laryngoscope

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Objectives/HypothesisThe co‐occurrence of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and congenital heart disease (CHD) is a rare condition with complex etiologies. The purpose of this study is to assess the etiologies, clinical features, and outcomes of cochlear implant (CI) in this patient population.Study DesignCase series and literature review.MethodsClinical data of children who were diagnosed with SNHL and CHD and received CIs at a tertiary hospital from 2016 to 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. A literature review was performed to identify patients with SNHL and CHD.FindingsOf the 382 children who underwent cochlear implantation at our center, eight (2.1%) were diagnosed with SNHL and CHD. A literature review identified 1525 patients from 254 studies; the database therefore consisted of 1533 patients. The most common genetic etiologies of co‐occurring SNHL and CHD were CHARGE syndrome (36.3%), Turner syndrome (8.4%), 22q11.2 deletion (3.0%), Noonan syndrome (2.9%), and Down syndrome (2.5%), whereas the most common non‐genetic etiologies were congenital rubella syndrome (22.9%) and SNHL after early cardiac surgery (5.5%). Most of the patients presented with congenital, bilateral, severe‐profound SNHL requiring early rehabilitation. Of the 126 children who received CIs at a median age of 2.5 years, half showed delayed speech development at last follow‐up.ConclusionsCo‐occurring SNHL and CHD is a rare condition with complex etiologies. Timely hearing intervention with long‐term follow‐up and proper timing of heart surgery is essential for these children.Level of Evidence4, case series Laryngoscope, 2023

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Rubella (German measles) revisited

Cited by 40 publications

References 37 publications

Congenital infections in Hong Kong: an overview of TORCH

Congenital infections in Hong Kong: an overview of TORCH

Untitled

Co‐Occurrence of Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Congenital Heart Disease: Etiologies and Management

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