Rubber-Solvent Interaction Parameter (χ&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sub&gt;,2&lt;/sub&gt;) of NR/SBR Rubber Blend Solution in Determination of Crosslink Concentration for Vulcanized Rubber Blend

Dzulkifli, Azreen Izzati; Said, Che Mohd Som; Chan, Chin Han; Mohd, Ahmad Faiza

doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1134.75

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Several studies have reported that increasing cross‐link density for an irradiated polymer can enhance its mechanical strength. [ 37,46,47 ] The increase in cross‐link density was concurrent with the enhancement in σ s and E in the NRL/SIS blend after exposure to 12 kGy irradiation. Figure 4C shows that at the highest irradiation dose of 16 kGy, the gel contents and cross‐link density decrease to 36.89% and 9.44 × 10 −5 mol cm −3 , respectively, which might be ascribed to the chain scission obtained from excessive absorbed energy.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

The effects of the cross‐linking mechanism of low doses of gamma irradiation on the mechanical, thermal, and viscoelastic properties of the natural rubber latex/poly(styrene‐block‐isoprene‐block‐styrene) block copolymer blend

Lazim

Hidzir

Hamzah

et al. 2021

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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Natural rubber latex (NRL) is a natural polymer with versatile properties.However, uncured NRL has low strength and limited practical use. Therefore, we utilized low-dose gamma irradiation to induce cross-linking in blended NRL/poly(styrene-block-isoprene-block-styrene) (SIS). Blends were prepared in various ratios, and the 70 NRL /30 SIS blend gave optimal mechanical properties. The 70 NRL /30 SIS blend was then irradiated from 4 to 16 kGy. An exposure of 12 kGy led to the highest tensile strength (4.49 MPa), Young's modulus (0.41 MPa), gel content (45%), and cross-link density (12.18 Â 10 À5 molÁcm À3 ).The results of study show irradiation has improved the crystallinity of the polymer blend, which has been determined by the formation of a new NRL crystal peak at 31.2 and the decrease of the crystallization temperature from 58 to 19 C due to strain-induced crystallization. Moreover, the radiation has trans-

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

The effects of the cross‐linking mechanism of low doses of gamma irradiation on the mechanical, thermal, and viscoelastic properties of the natural rubber latex/poly(styrene‐block‐isoprene‐block‐styrene) block copolymer blend

Lazim

Hidzir

Hamzah

et al. 2021

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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show abstract

“…where ν is the cross-link density mole per unit of volume (mol/ cm 3 ) and χ is the Flory-Huggins polymer-solvent interaction parameter (0.35 for the rubber-toluene mixture; (Dzulkifli et al, 2016).…”

Section: Cross-link Density Determinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Desulfurization of Vulcanized Rubber Particles Using Biological and Couple Microwave-Chemical Methods

Valdés

Hernández

Morales-Vera

et al. 2021

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Currently, recycling or degradation treatments for tires are an enormous challenge. Despite efforts to dispose of or recycle it, rubber waste is increasing year by year worldwide. To create a rubber-recycling system, several researchers have proposed tire desulfurization. In this study, we compare two methods: one biological, using Acidobacillus ferroxidans in shake 250 ml flask experiments, and one chemical using, for the first time, microwaves and an aqueous solution. The results of these methods were analyzed through sulfate quantification, cross-linking differences, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy with energy disperse spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). We observed that the amount of sulfates generated by the chemical system was 22.40 (mg/L)/g of rubber, which was 22-times higher than the biological system, which generated 1.06 (mg/L)/g of rubber. Similarly, after cross-linking studies, a 36% higher decrease after the chemical treatment was observed. When using FTIR analysis, the disappearance of characteristic bands corresponding to functional groups containing sulfur bonds and metal oxides were observed by treating the sample with both desulfurization methods. Morphological changes on the rubber surface structure was also demonstrated by SEM-EDS analysis with the appearance of holes, cracks and changes in the porosity of the material. This work analyzed two different non-aggressive desulfurization approaches that might be used as methods for rubber recycling processes.

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“…where ν is the cross-link density mole per unit of volume (mol/cm 3 ) and χ is the Flory-Huggins polymersolvent interaction parameter (0.35 for the rubber-toluene mixture; [27].…”

Section: Cross-link Density Determinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Desulfurization of Vulcanized Rubber Particles Using Biological and Chemical Methods

Valdés¹,

Hernández²,

Morales-Vera³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Currently, recycling or degradation treatments for tires are an enormous challenge. Despite efforts to dispose of or recycle it, rubber waste is increasing year by year worldwide. To create a rubber-recycling system, several researchers have proposed tire desulfurization. In this study, we compare two methods: one biological, using Acidobacillus ferroxidans in shake 250 mL flask experiments, and one chemical using, for the first time, microwaves and an aqueous solution. The results of these methods were analyzed through sulfate quantification, cross-linking differences, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy with energy disperse spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). We observed that the amount of sulfates generated by the chemical system was 56 mg / L, which was 10-times higher than the biological system, which generated 5.3 mg / L. Similarly, after cross-linking studies, a 36% higher decrease after the chemical treatment was observed. When using FTIR analysis, the disappearance of characteristic bands corresponding to functional groups containing sulfur bonds was observed by treating the sample with both desulfurization mechanisms. Morphological changes on the rubber surface structure was also demonstrated by SEM-EDS analysis with the appearance of holes, cracks and changes in the porosity of the material. This work analyzed two different non-aggressive desulfurization mechanisms that might be used as sustainable methods for rubber recycling processes.

show abstract

Rubber-Solvent Interaction Parameter (χ<sub>1</sub><sub>,2</sub>) of NR/SBR Rubber Blend Solution in Determination of Crosslink Concentration for Vulcanized Rubber Blend

Cited by 6 publications

References 6 publications

The effects of the cross‐linking mechanism of low doses of gamma irradiation on the mechanical, thermal, and viscoelastic properties of the natural rubber latex/poly(styrene‐block‐isoprene‐block‐styrene) block copolymer blend

The effects of the cross‐linking mechanism of low doses of gamma irradiation on the mechanical, thermal, and viscoelastic properties of the natural rubber latex/poly(styrene‐block‐isoprene‐block‐styrene) block copolymer blend

Desulfurization of Vulcanized Rubber Particles Using Biological and Couple Microwave-Chemical Methods

Desulfurization of Vulcanized Rubber Particles Using Biological and Chemical Methods

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