Rubber elasticity

Mark, J. E.

doi:10.1021/ed058p898

Cited by 112 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…2,3,5,24,62 Results are typically expressed in terms of the nominal stress f * ≡ f/A * which, in the simplest molecular theories, is given by…”

Section: Characterization Of Upturns In the Modulus -mentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Elastomers through Control of Network Chain-Length Distributions

Mark

1999

Rubber Chemistry and Technology

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Methods are described for obtaining elastomers of controlled network chain-length distributions by restricting the reactivity of the polymer chains to their ends, and then end linking these chains with a multi-functional reactant. The networks of this type that have proved to be of greatest interest consist of short chains end linked with long chains to yield a bimodal distribution of network chain lengths. These bimodal elastomers have unusually high extensibility for their values of the modulus and ultimate strength, and thus considerable toughness, even in the unfilled state. Most such elastomers have been prepared from chains of poly(dimethylsiloxane), by carrying out either a condensation reaction between hydroxyl-terminated chains and tetraethoxysilane, or an addition reaction between vinyl-terminated chains and a poly(methylhydrogen siloxane) oligomer. The material presented in this review discusses the preparation of such elastomers, the characterization of some of their properties, and the interpretation of some of these properties in terms of the molecular theories of rubber-like elasticity.

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“…2,3,5,24,62 Results are typically expressed in terms of the nominal stress f * ≡ f/A * which, in the simplest molecular theories, is given by…”

Section: Characterization Of Upturns In the Modulus -mentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Elastomers through Control of Network Chain-Length Distributions

Mark

1999

Rubber Chemistry and Technology

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“…The additional energy causes an increase in the number of the higher energy gauche states, which are more compact than the trans ones.) The opposite behavior is observed in the case of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (26). The all-trans form is again the preferred conformation; the relatively long Si O bonds and the unusually large Si O Si bond angles reduce steric repulsion in general, and the trans conformation places CH 3 side groups at distances of separation where they are strongly attractive (83,129,131).…”

Section: Vol 2 Elasticity Rubber-like 235mentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Elastomers and metals differ greatly with regard to deformation mechanisms (26,62,63). Metals and minerals are formed of atoms arranged in a three-dimensional crystalline lattice, joined by powerful valence forces operating at relatively short range.…”

Section: Differences Between Elastomers and Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In these approaches, the probability of an internal state of the system is the product of the probabilities W(r i ) for each chain. The entropy is deduced by the Boltzmann equation, and the free energy by equation (26). The three main assumptions introduced in the treatment of elasticity of rubber-like materials are that the intermolecular interactions between chains are independent of the configurations of these chains and thus of the extent of deformation (125,126); the chains are Gaussian, freely jointed, and volumeless; and the total number of configurations of an isotropic network is the product of the number of configurations of the individual chains.…”

Section: Statistical Treatment Of Rubber-like Elasticitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Elasticity, Rubber‐like

Queslel

Mark

2001

Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology

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Long, flexible polymer chains with high mobility and weak interchain interactions may be covalently linked together to form network structures. These materials exhibit a unique behavior called rubber‐like elasticity, which is high and reversible deformability (up to 10 times the original dimension). The origin of elasticity at thermodynamic equilibrium is the decrease in entropy of the chains between cross‐linking points resulting from the extension. Elastomers therefore follow thermodynamic laws similar to those for gases. There is a minor intramolecular energetic component in the retractive force which can be extracted from thermoelasticity experiments and is related to conformational energy changes of the chains. Most of the theoretical and experimental works in the field of rubber‐like elasticity have been devoted to the characterization of network structures. Molecular models based on statistical mechanics have been applied to the analysis of equilibrium properties such as stress–strain measurements in uniaxial extension and swelling by a solvent. The real behavior of rubbers is between the predictions of the simple affine and phantom models and is well represented by molecular models which include entanglement constraints. These models associated with topological descriptions of networks are powerful tools to describe network structures.

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“…It can be used to establish a simple relation between the elastic modulus of NR and the volume density of crosslinks (i.e., the number of elastically effective crosslinks per unit volume). For uniaxial elongation, this theory gives (e.g., [12,15,[17][18][19])…”

Section: Mechanical Response Of Natural Rubbermentioning

confidence: 99%

Constitutive Behavior of a Twaron®/Natural Rubber Composite

David

Gao

Zheng

2010

Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures

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The constitutive behavior of a Twaron CT709R fabric/natural rubber (Twaron R /NR) composite is studied using the fourparameter Burgers model (composed of a Maxwell element and a Kelvin-Voigt element in series), a proposed five-parameter model (consisting of a Maxwell element and a generalized Maxwell [GM] element in series), and a newly developed para-rheological model (comprising a GM element and a stress network element in parallel). The new model makes use of the affine network-based molecular theory of rubber elasticity. The uniaxial stress-strain relation of the Twaron R /NR composite is experimentally determined at two constant strain rates of 0.00001 s −1 and 0.01 s −1 . The values of the parameters involved in the three viscoelasticity models are extracted from the experimental data. It is found that both the Burgers model and the five-parameter model significantly under-predict the stresses for large strain values at both the strain rates. In contrast, the constitutive response at each strain rate predicted by the newly developed para-rheological model is seen to be in good agreement with the measured stress-strain curve over the entire strain range studied. It is shown that the new model also predicts the elastic moduli and ultimate stresses of the Twaron R /NR composite well.

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Rubber elasticity

Cited by 112 publications

References 46 publications

Improved Elastomers through Control of Network Chain-Length Distributions

Improved Elastomers through Control of Network Chain-Length Distributions

Elasticity, Rubber‐like

Constitutive Behavior of a Twaron®/Natural Rubber Composite

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