Rubber Compounding: Introduction, Definitions, and Available Resources

Dick, John S.

doi:10.3139/9783446439733.001

Cited by 14 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…ISO standard 9026 is used for measuring green strength. However, older tests are also available which show a good correlation between RPA measurement with high strain deformation and the ISO method [7].…”

Section: Alternatives To Measuring Mooney Viscositymentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation and Approval of FKM Polymers and Compounds with RPA – an Initial Experience Report

Guntrum¹,

Dinu-Biringer²,

Weber³

et al. 2018

International Polymer Science and Technology

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For decades, measurement of the Mooney viscosity has been used for testing the viscosity of raw polymers and mixed stocks. The Mooney viscometer is commonly used on the shop floor alongside the rheometer. The relevance of the Mooney test for the processing of rubber compounds is limited and the use of a rubber process analyser (RPA) is a suitable alternative. The instrument is robust, easy to handle and therefore perfectly suitable for day-to-day use on the shop floor. High accuracy and repeatability of the measurement are further advantages. This article describes initial experiences with testing FKM raw polymers and compounds based on frequency and strain sweeps. Tests under high strain in particular demonstrate significant differences between polymers, which are not seen under normal test conditions (small amplitudes). In this way, rubber compounders and processors receive considerably more information about the viscoelastic properties of the raw polymers used and the compounds produced from them.

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Section: Alternatives To Measuring Mooney Viscositymentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation and Approval of FKM Polymers and Compounds with RPA – an Initial Experience Report

Guntrum¹,

Dinu-Biringer²,

Weber³

et al. 2018

International Polymer Science and Technology

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“…Elastomers (rubbers and thermoplastic elastomers) are soft materials which are highly elastic up to large strains [ 5 , 6 ]. A rubber consists of a network of polymer chains crosslinked by covalent chemical bonds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The chains are based on one or a few different repeating units. Rubber compounds are crosslinked at elevated temperature, followed by post-curing and degassing at elevated temperature [ 5 , 6 ]. Thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) have been commercially available for nearly 40 years, and offer elastomeric response in combination with thermoplastic processing, e.g., injection moulding [ 6 , 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyclic Compression Testing of Three Elastomer Types—A Thermoplastic Vulcanizate Elastomer, a Liquid Silicone Rubber and Two Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Rubbers

Persson

Andreassen

2022

Polymers

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Thermoplastic elastomer vulcanizate (TPV) and liquid silicone rubber (LSR) are replacement candidates for ethylene-propylene-diene rubbers (EPDM), as they offer the possibility for two-component injection moulding. In this study, these material types were compared side by side in cyclic compression tests. The materials were also characterized to provide details on the formulations. Compared to the rubbers, the TPV had higher compression set (after a given cycle) and hysteresis loss, and a stronger Mullins effect. This is due to the thermoplastic matrix in the TPV. The LSR had lower compression set (after a given cycle) than the EPDM, but stronger Mullins effect and higher relative hysteresis loss. These differences between the LSR and the EPDM are likely due to differences in polymer network structure and type of filler. Methods for quantifying the Mullins effect are proposed, and correlations between a Mullins index and parameters such as compression set are discussed. The EPDMs showed a distinct trend in compression set, relative hysteresis loss and relaxed stress fraction vs. strain amplitude; these entities were almost independent of strain amplitude in the range 15–35%, while they increased in this range for the TPV and the LSR. The difference between the compression set values of the LSR and the EPDM decreased with increasing strain amplitude and increasing strain recovery time.

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“…The boundary layer flow has been broadly deliberated in the literature and plays a vital role in fluid dynamics. The investigation of boundary-layer flowing past a horizontal plate had countless manufacturing implementations, such as food manufacturing, glass fibers production, manufacturing of rubber sheets, extrusion, metal spinning, wire drawing, and cooling of massive metallic plates such as an electrolyte 2 – 4 . Makinde and Onyejekwe 5 presented the numerical computations for the boundary-layer flowing model results in the stretching sheet with variable electrical conductivity and variable viscosity using a shooting technique and a sixth-order RK integration algorithm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A numerical frame work of magnetically driven Powell-Eyring nanofluid using single phase model

Jamshed

Eid

Nisar

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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The current investigation aims to examine heat transfer as well as entropy generation analysis of Powell-Eyring nanofluid moving over a linearly expandable non-uniform medium. The nanofluid is investigated in terms of heat transport properties subjected to a convectively heated slippery surface. The effect of a magnetic field, porous medium, radiative flux, nanoparticle shapes, viscous dissipative flow, heat source, and Joule heating are also included in this analysis. The modeled equations regarding flow phenomenon are presented in the form of partial-differential equations (PDEs). Keller-box technique is utilized to detect the numerical solutions of modeled equations transformed into ordinary-differential equations (ODEs) via suitable similarity conversions. Two different nanofluids, Copper-methanol (Cu-MeOH) as well as Graphene oxide-methanol (GO-MeOH) have been taken for our study. Substantial results in terms of sundry variables against heat, frictional force, Nusselt number, and entropy production are elaborate graphically. This work’s noteworthy conclusion is that the thermal conductivity in Powell-Eyring phenomena steadily increases in contrast to classical liquid. The system’s entropy escalates in the case of volume fraction of nanoparticles, material parameters, and thermal radiation. The shape factor is more significant and it has a very clear effect on entropy rate in the case of GO-MeOH nanofluid than Cu-MeOH nanofluid.

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Rubber Compounding: Introduction, Definitions, and Available Resources

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

Characterisation and Approval of FKM Polymers and Compounds with RPA – an Initial Experience Report

Characterisation and Approval of FKM Polymers and Compounds with RPA – an Initial Experience Report

Cyclic Compression Testing of Three Elastomer Types—A Thermoplastic Vulcanizate Elastomer, a Liquid Silicone Rubber and Two Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Rubbers

A numerical frame work of magnetically driven Powell-Eyring nanofluid using single phase model

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