Rubber, 3. Synthetic

Threadingham, Desmond; Obrecht, Werner; Lambert, J. M.; Happ, M.; Oppenheimer-Stix, Christiane; Dunn, J. R.; Krüger, Ralf; Brandt, Heinz-Dieter; Nentwig, Wolfgang; Rooney, Nicola; LaFlair, Ronald T.; Wolf, Ute U.; Duffy, John; Puskás, Judit E.; Wilson, G. J.; Meisenheimer, Hermann; Steiger, Roland; Marbach, André; Diedrich, Klaus M.; Ackermann, Jürgen; Wrobel, Dieter; Hoffmann, Uwe; Thomas, Hans Dieter; Engehausen, Rüdiger; Pask, Stephen D.; Buding, Hartmuth; Ostrowicki, Andreas; Stollfuss, Bernd; Kaszás, Gábor; Drewitt, Mark J.; Glander, Stephan; Wieder, Wolfgang; Wachholz, Gerhard

doi:10.1002/14356007.a23_239.pub4

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 260 publications

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“…For epoxy resin and synthetic rubber, consumption data are for 2000. 24,25 Perspective: Present and future development in plastics from biomass L Shen et al…”

Section: Growth 38% Per Yearmentioning

confidence: 99%

Present and future development in plastics from biomass

Shen

Worrell

Patel

2009

Biofuels Bioprod Bioref

329

237

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Biobased plastics have experienced fast growth in the past decade thanks to the public concerns over the environment, climate change and the depletion of fossil fuels. This perspective provides an overview of the current global market of biobased plastics, their material properties, technical substitution potential and future market (for 2020). In addition, the technology and market development of three biobased plastics, namely polylactide (PLA), biobased polyethylene (PE) and biobased epoxy resin, are discussed in detail. The emerging biobased plastics market is still small compared to traditional biobased polymers and biomaterials. The global capacity of the emerging biobased plastics was only 0.36 million tonnes in 2007. However, the market grew strongly between 2003 and 2007 (approx. 40% per year). The technical substitution potential of biobased plastics replacing petrochemical plastics is estimated at 90%, demonstrating the enormous potential of biobased plastics. Global capacity of biobased plastics is expected to reach 3.45 million metric tonnes in 2020. Starch plastics, PLA, biobased PE, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) and biobased epoxy resin are expected to be the major types of biobased plastics in the future

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“…For epoxy resin and synthetic rubber, consumption data are for 2000. 24,25 Perspective: Present and future development in plastics from biomass L Shen et al…”

Section: Growth 38% Per Yearmentioning

confidence: 99%

Present and future development in plastics from biomass

Shen

Worrell

Patel

2009

Biofuels Bioprod Bioref

329

237

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Two-Dimensional Nonisothermal Numerical Analysis of Speed Ratio Effects on Dispersion and Distribution in High-Viscosity Partially Filled Rubber Mixing

Ahmed

Poudyal

Chandy

2019

Rubber Chemistry and Technology

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Two-dimensional, transient, and nonisothermal computational fluid dynamics simulations are conducted for high-viscosity rubber mixing in a two-wing rotor-equipped partially filled chamber of fill factor 75%. Calculations presented assess the effect of three differential speeds or speed ratios of the two rotors for the rubber mixing process: 1.0 (also called even speed), 1.125, and 1.5. A Eulerian multiphase model, the volume of fluid technique, is employed to simulate two different phases, rubber and air, by calculating the free surface between the two phases, in addition to the main governing equations such as the continuity, momentum, and energy equations. To characterize the non-Newtonian, highly viscous rubber under nonisothermal conditions, the shear rate–dependent Carreau-Yasuda model along with an Arrhenius function are employed. A set of massless particles is introduced into the chamber to calculate several parameters related to dispersive and distributive mixing characteristics. Specifically, the mixing index and maximum shear stress are analyzed for the dispersive nature, whereas cluster distribution index and length of stretch are calculated for investigating the distributive nature of the mixing process. Also, the temporal viscous heat generation rate, a good indication of the temperature rise throughout the domain, which is critical in the process and equipment design, is analyzed here. Results showed that the 1.125 speed ratio was the most efficient in terms of distributive mixing and heat generation.

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Rubber, 3. Synthetic

Cited by 2 publications

References 260 publications

Present and future development in plastics from biomass

Present and future development in plastics from biomass

Two-Dimensional Nonisothermal Numerical Analysis of Speed Ratio Effects on Dispersion and Distribution in High-Viscosity Partially Filled Rubber Mixing

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