Ru(II) Complex Grafted Ti3C2Tx MXene Nano Sheet with Photothermal/Photodynamic Synergistic Antibacterial Activity

Abstract

For a long time, the emergence of microbial drug resistance due to the abuse of antibiotics has greatly reduced the therapeutic effect of many existing antibiotics. This makes the development of new antimicrobial materials urgent. Light-assisted antimicrobial therapy is an alternative to antibiotic therapy due to its high antimicrobial efficiency and non-resistance. Here, we develop a nanocomposite material (Ru@MXene) which is based on Ru(bpy)(dcb)2+ connected to MXene nanosheets by ester bonding as a photothermal/photodynamic synergistic antibacterial material. The obtained Ru@MXene nanocomposites exhibit a strengthened antimicrobial capacity compared to Ru or MXene alone, which can be attributed to the higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) yield and the thermal effect. Once exposed to a xenon lamp, Ru@MXene promptly achieved almost 100% bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli (200 μg/mL) and Staphylococcus aureus (100 μg/mL). This is ascribed to its synergistic photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) capabilities. Consequently, the innovative Ru@MXene can be a prospective non-drug antimicrobial therapy that avoids antibiotic resistance in practice. Notably, this high-efficiency PTT/PDT synergistic antimicrobial material by bonding Ru complexes to MXene is the first such reported model. However, the toxic effects of Ru@MXene materials need to be studied to evaluate them for further medical applications.

MXene: A wonderful nanomaterial in antibacterial

“…The production of 1 O 2 in the MXene group was detected under near-infrared light irradiation with 1,3diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF), and the production of 1 O 2 was attributed to the energy transfer of photoexcited electrons to triplet oxygen ( 3 O 2 ) from Ti 3 C 2 T x as well as the LSPR effect of metal nanoparticles (Han et al, 2018a;Zhang et al, 2019). Another study also confirmed that after irradiation with a 532 nm laser (20 mW) for 30 min, the MXene group showed a decrease in absorbance at 417 nm, which produced a single linear state of oxygen (Liu et al, 2023a). MXene produces a large amount of ROS from the material's PDT under near-infrared light irradiation, while the material's superior PTT raises the ambient temperature of Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology frontiersin.org the bacteria.…”

Research Progress on Ti3C2Tx-Based Composite Materials in Antibacterial Field

“…Loading ICG onto Ti 3 C 2 T x nanosheets combines the photothermal effect of Ti 3 C 2 T x with the photodynamic effect of ICG, resulting in a 100% increase in the vitality loss of S. aureus under NIR light spectrum [ 109 ]. Ti 3 C 2 T x nanocomposites based on Ru(II) complex grafting achieve almost 100% bactericidal activity against E. coli (200 μg/mL) and S. aureus (100 μg/mL) upon exposure to a xenon lamp [ 110 ] ( Figure 6 ). ZnTCPP-modified Ti 3 C 2 T x captures bacteria via surface electrostatic interactions [ 111 ].…”

“… Ti 3 C 2 T x /photosensitizer composite material [ 110 ]. ( A ) A sSchematic illustration of the preparation of Ru@MXene nanocomposites.…”

Screening of low‐toxic zinc oxide nanomaterials and study the apoptosis mechanism of NSC‐34 cells

“…ZnO-NMts find applications in various everyday products including catalysts, environmental remediation, personal care products, cosmetics, vaccine adjuvants, and antibacterial ointments. [1][2][3] Ferreira and Liu et al [4,5] have discovered that nanomaterials of small size can be an optimal option for the antibacterial process. Given that bacteria can be transmitted through a damp mask, enhancing the mask's antibacterial capability is crucial to prevent cross-infection or secondary infection during usage.…”

“…[ 1–3 ] Ferreira and Liu et al. [ 4,5 ] have discovered that nanomaterials of small size can be an optimal option for the antibacterial process. Given that bacteria can be transmitted through a damp mask, enhancing the mask's antibacterial capability is crucial to prevent cross‐infection or secondary infection during usage.…”