RSM and Artificial Neural Networking based production optimization of sustainable Cotton bio-lubricant and evaluation of its lubricity &amp; tribological properties

Gul, M.; Zulkifli, Nurin Wahidah Mohd; Kalam, M.A.; Masjuki, H.H.; Yousuf, Sumra; Bashir, M. Nasir; Ahmed, Waqar; Yusoff, Mohd Nur Ashraf Mohd; Noor, Shazia; Ahmad, Rauf; Hassan, Muhammad

doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2021.01.033

Cited by 26 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…However, the overall wear for biolubricant blend is found to be 85.2 mg/g-oil which is 6.7% higher than SL with overall wear of 79.8 mg/g-oil as seen in Figure 6. It verifies the results of tribotesting obtained by Gul et al (2020Gul et al ( , 2021 who observed a 3% increase in wear with 20% blend (V100 = 15.293). Previous works report that biolubricants tend to increase wear by adhesion.…”

Section: Engine Testingsupporting

confidence: 90%

Synthesis and use of TMP ester biolubricant derived from cottonseed oil in SI engine

Khan

Zahid

Kazim

et al. 2021

ILT

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Purpose Depleting reserves of crude oils and their adverse environmental effects have shifted focus toward environment friendly and biobased lubricant base oils. Natural oils and fats act as good lubricants but they have low oxidation and thermal stability which makes them unsuitable for modern day uses. This paper aims to produce trimethylolpropane ester biolubricant from cottonseed oil and study the effects of its use in spark ignition (SI) engines. Design/methodology/approach In this work, cottonseed oil is converted to TMP lubricant by a two-step based catalyzed esterification. The lubricants thermophysical properties are then analyzed and a 20% blend with synthetic poly-alpha olefin is used in an spark ignition engine. Findings The produced lubricant has viscosity @100oC of 4.91 cSt, a viscosity index of 230 and a flash point of 202oC. When used as a 20% blend in a petrol engine, the rate of oil deterioration was reduced by 18%, however, the overall wear increased by 6.7%. However, this increase is offset by its improved environmental impacts. Originality/value In its current state, such a biolubricant can be used as an additive to most commercially available lubricants to improve oil deterioration characteristics and environmental impact. However, further work on improving biolubricant’s wear characteristics is needed for the complete replacement of mineral oil-based lubricants.

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Section: Engine Testingsupporting

confidence: 90%

Synthesis and use of TMP ester biolubricant derived from cottonseed oil in SI engine

Khan

Zahid

Kazim

et al. 2021

ILT

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Considering the influence of catalyst loading or concentration, several studies have positively influenced the two‐stage esterification and transesterification reactions 106‐110 . Ghafar et al, 162 produced biolubricants from waste cooking oil (WCO) from the solid heterogeneous catalyst (ie, CaO was obtained from waste cockle shell).…”

Section: Chemical Modification Of Oils For Biolubricants Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Considering the influence of catalyst loading or concentration, several studies have positively influenced the two-stage esterification and transesterification reactions. [106][107][108][109][110] Ghafar et al, 162 produced biolubricants from waste cooking oil (WCO) from the solid heterogeneous catalyst (ie, was obtained from waste cockle shell). They reported a rise in triesters conversion from 94% to 97% with increasing catalyst concentration (ie, from 3% to 5% w/w) in the two-stage esterification and transesterification reaction at a constant molar ratio of FAME to TMP (3:1).…”

Section: Catalyst Type and Catalyst Loadingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biolubricant production via esterification and transesterification processes: Current updates and perspectives

Appiah

Tulashie

Akpari

et al. 2021

Intl J of Energy Research

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Summary The growing concern and limitations for existing lubricants have driven the need for biolubricants, extensively proposed as the most suitable and sustainable lubricating oils. Biolubricants are generally synthesized from various bio‐based sources, including vegetable oils, microbially derived oils, waste cooking oil, etc. They are promising commodities and advantageous to mineral‐based analogues due to their exceptional properties like their lubricity, biodegradability, reduced toxicity, and reduced volatility. Yet, their utilization as lubricants is constrained due to their relatively poor cold‐flow and thermo‐oxidative stability uncertainties even after being chemically modified. Hence, many chemical modification pathways have been reported to overcome this limitation, with the most exploited approaches being esterification and transesterification. This modification pathway enhanced the thermo‐oxidative stability and the cold‐flow properties of these bio‐based oils, increased the yield, and enhanced the quality of the lubricants. With this in mind, this paper reviews up‐to‐date works conducted in this area and critically report the advancement in esterification and transesterification production of biolubricants. The study further reviews the latest published literature, current updates, and future perspectives related to the synthesis of biolubricants. Also, the review highlights the significant factors that govern the entire reaction process, selection criteria of renewable feedstocks, and the tribological performance of biolubricants.

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“…Similarly, the RSM has the statistical regression technique for prediction [31,32]. Over the last few years, the combined application of ANN and RSM methods has been hailed with significant success in the power industry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial Neural Network Led Optimization of Oxyhydrogen Hybridized Diesel Operated Engine

et al. 2021

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The prevailing massive exploitation of conventional fuels has staked the energy accessibility to future generations. The gloomy peril of inflated demand and depleting fuel reservoirs in the energy sector has supposedly instigated the urgent need for reliable alternative fuels. These very issues have been addressed by introducing oxyhydrogen gas (HHO) in compression ignition (CI) engines in various flow rates with diesel for assessing brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE). The enrichment of neat diesel fuel with 10 dm3/min of HHO resulted in the most substantial decrease in BSFC and improved BTE at all test speeds in the range of 1000–2200 rpm. Moreover, an Artificial Intelligence (AI) approach was employed for designing an ANN performance-predicting model with an engine operating on HHO. The correlation coefficients (R) of BSFC and BTE given by the ANN predicting model were 0.99764 and 0.99902, respectively. The mean root errors (MRE) of both parameters (BSFC and BTE) were within the range of 1–3% while the root mean square errors (RMSE) were 0.0122 kg/kWh and 0.2768% for BSFC and BTE, respectively. In addition, ANN was coupled with the response surface methodology (RSM) technique for comprehending the individual impact of design parameters and their statistical interactions governing the output parameters. The R2 values of RSM responses (BSFC and BTE) were near to 1 and MRE values were within the designated range. The comparative evaluation of ANN and RSM predicting models revealed that MRE and RMSE of RSM models are also well within the desired range but to be outrightly accurate and precise, the choice of ANN should be potentially endorsed. Thus, the combined use of ANN and RSM could be used effectively for reliable predictions and effective study of statistical interactions.

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RSM and Artificial Neural Networking based production optimization of sustainable Cotton bio-lubricant and evaluation of its lubricity & tribological properties

Cited by 26 publications

References 35 publications

Synthesis and use of TMP ester biolubricant derived from cottonseed oil in SI engine

Synthesis and use of TMP ester biolubricant derived from cottonseed oil in SI engine

Biolubricant production via esterification and transesterification processes: Current updates and perspectives

Artificial Neural Network Led Optimization of Oxyhydrogen Hybridized Diesel Operated Engine

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