rPLR: an imaging system for measuring pupillary light reflex at a distance

Dinalankara, Dinalankara M. R.; Miles, Judith H.; Yao, Gang

doi:10.1364/ao.53.007787

Cited by 2 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…The increasing trend in constriction time with age appeared to continue into older 6 to 17 years old children as reported previously [Daluwatte et al, ]. The increasing trend in constriction time and decreasing trend in latency seems to be consistent because PLR latency was negatively correlated with the constriction time [Dinalankara et al, ; Fan, Hearne, et al, ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…In comparison with other neurological and behavioral measures, PLR has the advantage of being relatively simple and fast. PLR can be measured in restraint‐free young children by using a proper instrumentation [Dinalankara et al, ]. Each PLR trial only takes less than 3 s and multiple PLR trials can be obtained in a short period of time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The PLR was tested using a remote PLR instrument (rPLR) which was constructed according to the system design described in [Dinalankara, Miles, & Yao, ]. The rPLR system incorporates a tracking system to track the position of the subject's eye.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Atypical pupillary light reflex in 2–6‐year‐old children with autism spectrum disorders

et al. 2017

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The purpose of this study was to investigate pupillary light reflex (PLR) in 2-6-years-old children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). A total of 117 medication-free 2-6-year-old boys participated in this study. Sixty participants were diagnosed with ASD (the "ASD group") and the other 57 were in the control group of typical development (the "TD group"). A questionnaire was completed by the parent/guardian for assessing potential dysfunctions in the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The base pupil radius, PLR latency, and constriction time showed a significant age-related trend in both the ASD and TD groups. The base pupil size increased with age in the typically developing children, but not in the ASD group. The ASD group showed more symptoms related to ANS dysfunctions. An association between abnormal sweating with base pupil radius and PLR constriction was observed in the TD group but not the ASD group. The different association of PLR parameters with ANS dysfunction may suggest disrupted autonomic controls in children with ASD. Autism Res 2017, 10: 829-838. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Atypical pupillary light reflex in 2–6‐year‐old children with autism spectrum disorders

et al. 2017

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“…All participants were tested using a remote PLR (rPLR) instrument. The details of the system and testing arrangement have been described in detail previously 27 . The rPLR utilizes a tracking system to follow the position of the subject's right eye.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This study used the recently developed remote PLR (rPLR) system to investigate the PLR changes in children from 6 to 24 months old. This novel rPLR system is capable of imaging pupil size changes at a high spatial resolution without the need of any restrain during the test, which makes it ideal to test PLR in young children 27 . The participants were categorized into two groups based on their susceptibility to ASD.…”

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confidence: 99%

A longitudinal study of pupillary light reflex in 6- to 24-month children

Kercher

Azinfar

Dinalankara

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Pupillary light reflex (PLR) is an involuntary response where the pupil size changes with luminance. Studies have shown that PLR response was altered in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and other neurological disorders. However, PLR in infants and toddlers is still understudied. We conducted a longitudinal study to investigate PLR in children of 6-24 months using a remote pupillography device. The participants are categorized into two groups. The 'high risk' (HR) group includes children with one or more siblings diagnosed with ASDs; whereas the 'low risk' (LR) group includes children without an ASD diagnosis in the family history. The participants' PLR was measured every six months until the age of 24 months. The results indicated a significant age effect in multiple PLR parameters including resting pupil radius, minimal pupil radius, relative constriction, latency, and response time. In addition, the HR group had a significantly larger resting and minimal pupil size than the LR group. The experimental data acquired in this study revealed not only general age-related PLR changes in infants and toddlers, but also different PLRs in children with a higher risk of ASD. Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) are complicated disorders that are marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interactions and by restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities 1. Initially chronicled 75 years ago 2 , ASDs now affect about 2.47% children and adolescents in USA alone 3. Although the etiology of ASD is still not fully understood, our understanding of this disorder has since been significantly improved owing to a large amount of physiological, psychological, and neurological studies. Evidence supports that the outcome in children with ASDs can be greatly improved by using early behavioral intervention 4,5. Unfortunately, most children do not receive an ASD diagnosis until after the age of four 6 , although early signs may appear as young as 12 months of age 7. Therefore, there is a great interest in finding effective biological markers for early screening of risk of autism and assessing responses to interventions. Pupillary light reflex (PLR) is the involuntary and nearly instantaneous pupil size change that occurs as a response to the luminous intensity of light that falls on the retina. The pupil size is controlled by the dilator and sphincter muscles innervated primarily by the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), respectively 8. In 1961, Rubin observed that the pupils in 7 to 12 years old children with ASD constricted slower in responses to light adaption compared to typically developing children 9. Using a computerized pupillography system, Fan et al. discovered that pupils of children with ASD took a greater amount of time to respond to short (0.1 s) light stimuli and constricted less and more slowly than those with typical development 10. Similar atypical PLR responses were also reported in subsequent studies in children with ASD of diffe...

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rPLR: an imaging system for measuring pupillary light reflex at a distance

Cited by 2 publications

References 31 publications

Atypical pupillary light reflex in 2–6‐year‐old children with autism spectrum disorders

Atypical pupillary light reflex in 2–6‐year‐old children with autism spectrum disorders

A longitudinal study of pupillary light reflex in 6- to 24-month children

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