Routing Metrics Used for Path Calculation in Low-Power and Lossy Networks

Barthel, Dominique; Pister, Kristofer S. J.; Dejean, N.; Vasseur, Jean-Philippe; Kim, M.

doi:10.17487/rfc6551

Cited by 166 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…MRHOF uses ETX to compute the best path to root [29]. RPL can use other metrics such as energy, and received signal strength indicator (RSSI) [30].…”

Section: Rpl Objective Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Routing with Energy Threshold for WSN-IoT Based on RPL Protocol

2019

IJCCCE

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Internet of Things (IoT) enables things to have connectivity through the internet. The number of things is growing fast and has to be uniquely identified through the Internet to communicate with other things. In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) each node can be considered as a thing. WSN node resources are very limited due to the need to communicate using low power and usually through unreliable links. Such limitations need an energy efficient routing protocol. WSN is considered as a type of Low power and Lossy Network (LLN). The routing protocol for low power and lossy network (RPL) is being adopted for LLN and has been standardized to enable connectivity of WSN over IoT. RPL constricted a topology similar to tree topology. Nodes in RPL optimized its path using an objective function (OF). OF depends on different node/link metrics in the optimization process. In this paper, an Energy Threshold RPL (ETRPL) protocol is proposed. ETRPL depends on a new objective function to enhance energy consumption of RPL protocol by taking into account the remaining energy of the preferred parent node. ETRPL is implemented using Cooja simulator. The results show that ETRPL provides an increase in the remaining energy of at least 87.4% for a small area with high number of nodes. ETRPL also performed better with regards to Time Delay, Packet Reception Ratio, and the number of dead nodes in a small area. For a large area, the performance is not encouraging. Thus the proposed ETRPL protocol is useful for IoT networks with relatively small areas.

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“…MRHOF uses ETX to compute the best path to root [29]. RPL can use other metrics such as energy, and received signal strength indicator (RSSI) [30].…”

Section: Rpl Objective Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Routing with Energy Threshold for WSN-IoT Based on RPL Protocol

2019

IJCCCE

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“…A set of metrics suitable for LLNs is specified [14], divided into link (ETX, latency, throughput) and node (hop count, energy) metrics. Defining news or use the previous in novel OFs is left to the network designer.…”

Section: On the Design Of Enhanced Ofsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Packet processing and forwarding were separated from routing optimization goals through the objective function (OF). Several metrics are intended to be used with the protocol during the topology building step [14]. So far, only the classical hop count and a popular link reliability metric known as ETX 3 [15] are considered in the standardized OFs [16,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survey on RPL enhancements: A focus on topology, security and mobility

Kamgueu

Nataf

Ndie

2018

Computer Communications

114

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A few years ago, the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-power and Lossy Networks (RPL) was proposed by IETF as the routing standard designed for classes of networks in which both nodes and their interconnects are constrained. Since then, great attention has been paid by the scientific and industrial communities for the protocol evaluation and improvement. Indeed, depending on applications scenarios, constraints related to the target environments or other requirements, many adaptations and improvements can be made. So, since the initial release of the standard, several implementations were proposed, some targeting specific optimization goals whereas others would optimize several criteria while building the routing topology. They include, but are not limited to, extending the network lifetime, maximizing throughput at the sink node, avoiding the less secured nodes, considering nodes or sink mobility. Sometimes, to consider the Quality of Service (QoS), it is necessary to consider several of those criteria at the same time. This paper reviews recent works on RPL and highlights major contributions to its improvement, especially those related to topology optimization, security and mobility. We aim to provide an insight into relevant efforts around the protocol, draw some lessons and give useful guidelines for future developments.

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“…[13], authors proposed the minimum rank rule, which means that in the candidate parents set (neighbor set), the candidate parent with the minimum rank value will be selected as the preferred parent (the next hop). But the routing metrics proposed in [16] were not considered. Moreover, the minimum rank rule does not perform any load balancing operations, which may affect the network performances to some extent.…”

Section: Overview and Problems Of Rplmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel RPL Algorithm Based on Chaotic Genetic Algorithm

Cao

Muqing

2018

Sensors

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RPL (routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks) is an important candidate routing algorithm for low-power and lossy network (LLN) scenarios. To solve the problems of using a single routing metric or no clearly weighting distribution theory of additive composition routing metric in existing RPL algorithms, this paper creates a novel RPL algorithm according to a chaotic genetic algorithm (RPL-CGA). First of all, we propose a composition metric which simultaneously evaluates packet queue length in a buffer, end-to-end delay, residual energy ratio of node, number of hops, and expected transmission count (ETX). Meanwhile, we propose using a chaotic genetic algorithm to determine the weighting distribution of every routing metric in the composition metric to fully evaluate candidate parents (neighbors). Then, according to the evaluation results of candidate parents, we put forward a new holistic objective function and a new method for calculating the rank values of nodes which are used to select the optimized node as the preferred parent (the next hop). Finally, theoretical analysis and a series of experimental consequences indicate that RPL-CGA is significantly superior to the typical existing relevant routing algorithms in the aspect of average end-to-end delay, average success rate, etc.

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Routing Metrics Used for Path Calculation in Low-Power and Lossy Networks

Abstract: Low-Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs) have unique characteristics compared with traditional wired and ad hoc networks that require the specification of new routing metrics and constraints.

Cited by 166 publications

References 13 publications

Routing with Energy Threshold for WSN-IoT Based on RPL Protocol

Routing with Energy Threshold for WSN-IoT Based on RPL Protocol

Survey on RPL enhancements: A focus on topology, security and mobility

A Novel RPL Algorithm Based on Chaotic Genetic Algorithm

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