Routine Versus Catastrophic Influences on the Developing Child

Odgers, Candice L.; Jaffee, Sara R.

doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114447

Cited by 77 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 132 publications

(153 reference statements)

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“…Our finding that the magnitude of the negative association between early adversity and telomere length decreased with increasing years since exposure suggests that telomere shortening might be reversible over time, underscoring the fact that additional life experiences contribute to overall health. In our review of the literature on telomeres and early adversity, there was little data regarding consistency of care providers, nurturing relationships, and other resilience-associated factors 69 . To better understand the impact of all exposures, future studies would benefit from a comprehensive examination of both adversity and resilience factors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early life adversity and telomere length: a meta-analysis

et al. 2017

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Early adversity, in the form of abuse, neglect, socioeconomic status, and other adverse experiences, is associated with poor physical and mental health outcomes. To understand the biologic mechanisms underlying these associations, studies have evaluated the relationship between early adversity and telomere length, a marker of cellular senescence. Such results have varied in regards to the size and significance of this relationship. Using meta-analytic techniques, we aimed to clarify the relationship between early adversity and telomere length while exploring factors affecting the association, including adversity type, timing, and study design. A comprehensive search in July 2016 of PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Web of Science identified 2 462 studies. Multiple reviewers appraised studies for inclusion or exclusion using a priori criteria; 3.9% met inclusion criteria. Data was extracted into a structured form; the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale assessed study quality, validity and bias. Forty-one studies (N =30 773) met inclusion criteria. Early adversity and telomere length were significantly associated (Cohen’s d effect size = −0.35; 95% CI, –0.46 to –0.24, p < 0.0001). Sensitivity analyses revealed no outlier effects. Adversity type and timing significantly impacted the association with telomere length (p < .0001 and p = .0025, respectively). Subgroup and meta-regression analyses revealed that medication use, medical or psychiatric conditions, case-control versus longitudinal study design, methodological factors, age and smoking significantly affected the relationship. Comprehensive evaluations of adversity demonstrated more extensive telomere length changes. These results suggest that early adversity may have long-lasting physiological consequences contributing to disease risk and biological aging.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early life adversity and telomere length: a meta-analysis

et al. 2017

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“…Given the starkly different etiologies and pathogenetic processes leading to organ failure in these diseases, the underlying neuropsychological and -biological mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Further research should also take into account that stress (44) and anesthesia (45,46) in early childhood may negatively affect brain development and consequently cognitive function.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Performance in Pediatric Liver Transplant Recipients

Kaller

Langguth

Petermann

et al. 2013

American Journal of Transplantation

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To date, the course of cognitive development in children after liver transplantation (Ltx) is poorly understood. Cognitive performance, however, is crucial in all developmental stages and for educational achievement. This cross‐sectional single‐center study examined the prevalence of long‐term cognitive impairment in a cohort of 64 pediatric patients after Ltx. Median age at Ltx was 12 months. The revised Wechsler Intelligence Scale IV was administered to assess cognitive performance. Patients were compared with an age‐ and gender‐matched group of children without a chronic health condition. Liver transplanted children performed significantly worse in three of four cognitive domains as well as in the Total Intelligence Quotient (Total IQ) (p = 0.017 to p = 0.005). Liver transplant recipients showed substantially more “serious delays” (IQ < 70) compared to the reference group (9.4% vs. 4.7%). Children with a genetic–metabolic disease performed worse than the other groups in three of the four WISC Indices and in the Total IQ (p = 0.05 to p = 0.01). The strongest association was revealed between height at Ltx and Verbal Comprehension (R2 = 0.21), Perceptual Reasoning (R2 = 0.30), Working Memory (R2 = 0.23) and Total IQ (R2 = 0.25). Our results indicate a high impact of primary diagnosis and height percentile at Ltx even on children's long‐term cognitive performance.

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“…Numerous research studies have revealed that both EF and prefrontal cortex are susceptible to adverse environmental conditions (e.g. Mezzacappa et al, 2001;Odgers & Jaffee, 2013). One condition that is believed to produce adverse outcomes which affect EF and prefrontal cortex is maternal depression.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%