Routes of transmission of influenza A H1N1, SARS CoV, and norovirus in air cabin: Comparative analyses

Lei, Hao; Li, Y.; Xiao, Su; Lin, Chao–Hsin; Norris, Sharon L.; Wei, Daniel; Hu, Zhongmin; Ji, Shengcheng

doi:10.1111/ina.12445

Cited by 152 publications

(140 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…For rhinovirus and norovirus, none of the interventions considered had an appreciable effect, suggesting that alternative strategies may be needed to control these pathogens. These results are consistent with recent work by Lei et al, who found that the fomite-mediated route was important for norovirus, but less so for influenza [28]. To be effective, surface decontamination interventions for norovirus and rhinovirus may need to be more frequent (> 1x /day), tailored to the specific context, and timed early in outbreaks to interrupt transmission.…”

Section: Characterizing Pathogenssupporting

confidence: 90%

Fomite-mediated transmission as a sufficient pathway: a comparative analysis across three viral pathogens

et al. 2018

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BackgroundFomite mediated transmission can be an important pathway causing significant disease transmission in number of settings such as schools, daycare centers, and long-term care facilities. The importance of these pathways relative to other transmission pathways such as direct person-person or airborne will depend on the characteristics of the particular pathogen and the venue in which transmission occurs. Here we analyze fomite mediated transmission through a comparative analysis across multiple pathogens and venues.MethodsWe developed and analyzed a compartmental model that explicitly accounts for fomite transmission by including pathogen transfer between hands and surfaces. We consider two sub-types of fomite-mediated transmission: direct fomite (e.g., shedding onto fomites) and hand-fomite (e.g., shedding onto hands and then contacting fomites). We use this model to examine three pathogens with distinct environmental characteristics (influenza, rhinovirus, and norovirus) in four venue types. To parameterize the model for each pathogen we conducted a thorough literature search.ResultsBased on parameter estimates from the literature the reproductive number () for the fomite route for rhinovirus and norovirus is greater than 1 in nearly all venues considered, suggesting that this route can sustain transmission. For influenza, on the other hand, for the fomite route is smaller suggesting many conditions in which the pathway may not sustain transmission. Additionally, the direct fomite route is more relevant than the hand-fomite route for influenza and rhinovirus, compared to norovirus. The relative importance of the hand-fomite vs. direct fomite route for norovirus is strongly dependent on the fraction of pathogens initially shed to hands. Sensitivity analysis stresses the need for accurate measurements of environmental inactivation rates, transfer efficiencies, and pathogen shedding.ConclusionsFomite-mediated transmission is an important pathway for the three pathogens examined. The effectiveness of environmental interventions differs significantly both by pathogen and venue. While fomite-based interventions may be able to lower for fomites below 1 and interrupt transmission, rhinovirus and norovirus are so infectious () that single environmental interventions are unlikely to interrupt fomite transmission for these pathogens.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-018-3425-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Characterizing Pathogenssupporting

confidence: 90%

Fomite-mediated transmission as a sufficient pathway: a comparative analysis across three viral pathogens

et al. 2018

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“…Similar results have been obtained for SARS and MERS in other studies as well [122]. For example, Lei et al (2018) modeled in-flight outbreaks of influenza A H1N1, SARS, and norovirus in an air cabin, and predicted that the dominant route of transmission was a close contact for influenza and contact with fomites for SARS and norovirus [123]. Many others have also developed and applied models for investigating the transmission dynamics of generic [124] and specific pathogens, including influenza [125][126][127][128], norovirus [129], rotavirus [130], and cholera [127].…”

Section: Mechanistic Modelssupporting

confidence: 89%

Microbial Exchange via Fomites and Implications for Human Health

et al. 2019

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Purpose of Review Fomites are inanimate objects that become colonized with microbes and serve as potential intermediaries for transmission to/from humans. This review summarizes recent literature on fomite contamination and microbial survival in the built environment, transmission between fomites and humans, and implications for human health. Recent Findings Applications of molecular sequencing techniques to analyze microbial samples have increased our understanding of the microbial diversity that exists in the built environment. This growing body of research has established that microbial communities on surfaces include substantial diversity, with considerable dynamics. While many microbial taxa likely die or lay dormant, some organisms survive, including those that are potentially beneficial, benign, or pathogenic. Surface characteristics also influence microbial survival and rates of transfer to and from humans. Recent research has combined experimental data, mechanistic modeling, and epidemiological approaches to shed light on the likely contributors to microbial exchange between fomites and humans and their contributions to adverse (and even potentially beneficial) human health outcomes. Summary In addition to concerns for fomite transmission of potential pathogens, new analytical tools have uncovered other microbial matters that can be transmitted indirectly via fomites, including entire microbial communities and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Mathematical models and epidemiological approaches can provide insight on human health implications. However, both are subject to limitations associated with study design, and there is a need to better understand appropriate input model parameters. Fomites remain an important mechanism of transmission of many microbes, along with direct contact and short-and long-range aerosols.

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“…SARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded RNA virus that can be transmitted from human to human; comparable to the transmission of SARS and MERS, SARS-CoV-2 is also transmitted primarily through respiratory droplets and contact [6,7]. In this study, we had marginally more female subjects than male subjects, which could be related to the fact that the average age of men was lower than that of women.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

CT imaging changes of corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19): a multi-center study in Southwest China

Zeng

et al. 2020

J Transl Med

161

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Results:A total of 100 (76%) patients had a history of close contact with people living in Wuhan, Hubei. The clinical manifestations of COVID-19 included cough, fever. Most of the lesions identified in chest CT images were multiple lesions of bilateral lungs, lesions were more localized in the peripheral lung, 109 (83%) patients had more than two lobes involved, 20 (15%) patients presented with patchy ground glass opacities, patchy ground glass opacities and consolidation of lesions co-existing in 61 (47%) cases. Complications such as pleural thickening, hydrothorax, pericardial effusion, and enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes were detected but only in rare cases. For the follow-up chest CT examinations (91 cases), We found 66 (73%) cases changed very quickly, with an average of 3.5 days, 25 cases (27%) presented absorbed lesions, progression was observed in 41 cases (46%), 25 (27%) cases showed no significant changes. Conclusion:Chest CT plays an important role in diagnosing COVID-19. The imaging pattern of multifocal peripheral ground glass or mixed consolidation is highly suspicious of COVID-19, that can quickly change over a short period of time.

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Routes of transmission of influenza A H1N1, SARS CoV, and norovirus in air cabin: Comparative analyses

Cited by 152 publications

References 37 publications

Fomite-mediated transmission as a sufficient pathway: a comparative analysis across three viral pathogens

Fomite-mediated transmission as a sufficient pathway: a comparative analysis across three viral pathogens

Microbial Exchange via Fomites and Implications for Human Health

CT imaging changes of corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19): a multi-center study in Southwest China

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