Rotavirus infection beyond the gut

Abstract

The landscape of rotavirus (RV) infection has changed substantially in recent years. Autoimmune triggering has been added to clinical spectrum of this pathology, which is now known to be much broader than diarrhea. The impact of RV vaccines in these other conditions is becoming a growing field of research. The importance of host genetic background in RV susceptibility has been revealed, therefore increasing our understanding of vaccine effectiveness and giving some clues about the limited efficacy of RV vaccines in low-income settings. Also, interaction of RV with intestinal microbiota seems to play a key role in the process of infection vaccine effect. This article reviews current findings on the extraintestinal impact of RV infection and their widening clinical picture, and the recently described mechanisms of host susceptibility to infection and vaccine effectiveness. RV infection is a systemic disease with clinical and pathophysiological implications beyond the gut. We propose an “iceberg” model for this pathology with almost hidden clinical implications away from the gastrointestinal tract and eventually triggering the development of autoimmune diseases. Impact of current vaccines is being influenced by host genetics and gut microbiota interactions and these factors must be taken into account in the development of public health programs.

Effect of Aluminum Adjuvant and Preservatives on Structural Integrity and Physicochemical Stability Profiles of Three Recombinant Subunit Rotavirus Vaccine Antigens

“…4 A trivalent subunit RV vaccine (nonreplicating rotavirus vaccine [NRRV]) contains 3 recombinant protein antigens (belonging to RV genotypes P [4], P [6], and P [8]; see next paragraph) and is currently in clinical trials in South Africa. 5 These 3 antigens provide broad worldwide serotype coverage to RV infections with the P [6] genotype much more prevalent in the African and Southeast Asian regions. 6 Previously, a monovalent NRRV adsorbed to Alhydrogel (AH) was shown to be safe and immunogenic in infants and toddlers in early-stage clinical trials.…”

Prevalence of coeliac disease in Northwest China: heterogeneity across Northern Silk road ethnic populations

“…Therefore, high wheat consumption is more likely to be a critical environmental risk factor for the development of coeliac disease in rural living populations. In addition, populations from low‐socioeconomic levels are more exposed to infections 45 and many studies have reported that early infection is a potential risk factor for coeliac disease 37,46‐48 . We suspect that a high risk of infections probably contributes to a higher frequency of coeliac disease in populations living in rural areas.…”

Group A Rotavirus Gastroenteritis in Orphaned Leopardus Tigrinus and Leopardus Pardalis (CARNIVORA: FELIDAE) in the Eastern Amazon

“…However, orphaned animals under varying stress conditions have a greater immunological susceptibility, which favors the development of infections and their complications in co-infections [62]. Nevertheless, the expanding landscape of RV genotypes of has changed substantially in the last decades, including the study of autoimmune triggering to clinical spectrum of this infection, which is known to be much broader than acute diarrhea [63].…”