Rostral ventrolateral medulla, retropontine region and autonomic regulations

Rhythmic firing of neurons in the medulla of conscious freely behaving rats: rhythmic coupling with baroreceptor input

“…The pattern of neural activity in freely moving rats was found to adhere to the basic principles of organization proposed earlier 8, 11, 23, 56 , based on recording from the reticular formation (lateral tegmental field) in anesthetized cats 14, 15 , suggesting that cardiac-related rhythm in the reticular formation results from dynamic entrainment of neuronal oscillations by the sensory input 10, 11 rather than from a rhythmic drive unbendingly imposed on these neurons by the sensory input 28, 33, 57 . The evidence supporting this model originally came from two sources: from experimental observations of rhythmic activity after barodenervation, uncoupled from the heartbeat, and from extensive analysis of this activity in the framework of coupled nonlinear oscillations.…”

“…1C), nuclei with widely different functions expressing cardiac rhythmicity 13, 29–32 are lined up. These include structures handling the baroreceptor input (solitary tract, NTS; Fig.1C) or regulating the sympathetic output in the spinal cord (ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), and neurons in the reticular formation integrating these nuclei into a complex network which extends to more rostral and caudal parts of the brainstem and is connected with higher order structures 3, 28, 33–35 .…”

“…We used movable tetrodes mounted on microdrives which is by now considered a conventional technique to monitor multiple single neuron activity in behaving rodents. The medulla is the location of numerous structures participating in the control of sympathetic activity (see 3, 28 for the latest reviews). Just along the electrode track of our experiments (Fig.…”

The Central Nervous Mechanism of Stress-Promoting Cancer Progression

“…They are found predominantly in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) and in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVMM). These neurons project to the intermediolateral nucleus (IML, also known as the sympathetic preganglionic nucleus), which then projects to the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) for terminal output to peripheral organs which control heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, glycemia, vigilance and other physiological responses [ 21 ]. When negative emotions are induced under chronic stress, the sympathetic nervous system is continuously activated and increases the release of catecholamines (such as epinephrine and norepinephrine) [ 22 , 23 ].…”

Реакции Дыхания На Микроинъекции Баклофена И 2-Гидроксисаклофена В Ретротрапециевидное Ядро У Крыс

“…Особая роль РТЯ в регуляции дыхания обусловлена не только нейрохимическим профилем его нейронов, но и многочисленными связями с другими отделами дыхательного центра. Известно, что нейроны РТЯ имеют возбуждающие проекции в ростральный и каудальный отделы вентральной респираторной группы, понтинную респираторную группу, а также в комплексы Бетцингера и пре-Бетцингера [5], отвечающие за респираторный ритмогенез. Синаптические контакты РТЯ оказывают модулирующие влияния на процессы регуляции ритма и паттерна дыхания, благодаря множеству нейромедиаторных веществ, включая ГАМК [13], глутамат [10], серотонин [6], АТФ [7] и др.…”