Rosmarinic Acid Antagonized 1-Methyl-4-Phenylpyridinium (MPP⁺)-Induced Neurotoxicity in MES23.5 Dopaminergic Cells

Abstract

Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound found in various plant families. We previously reported that RA exerted protective effects against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced neurotoxicity through antioxidative properties. In this study, we investigated whether RA could prevent effects of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+))-induced insult in MES23.5 dopamineric cells. 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium treatment decreased cell viability and dopamine content, as well as caused apoptotic morphological changes. 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, indicated by inhibition of activity associated with mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I, suggested mitochondrial transmembrane potential collapse and generation of reactive oxygen species. Decreased Bcl-2/Bax ratio and caspase 3 activation were also observed. Rosmarinic acid pretreatment restored the complex I activity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and partially reversed the other damaging effects of MPP(+). Our results indicate that RA plays a neuroprotective role by ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction against MPP(+)-induced cell apoptosis and suggest that RA has the potential to be considered an aid for prevention of Parkinson's disease.

Nesfatin-1 protects dopaminergic neurons against MPP+/MPTP-induced neurotoxicity through the C-Raf–ERK1/2-dependent anti-apoptotic pathway

“…Cell viability was assessed at 494 nm and 630 nm with a spectrophotometer (Tecan, Grodig, Austria). We then added nesfatin-1 (10 −9  mol/L) and observed nuclear morphology using a previously described method62. Briefly, cells were fixed in 4% PFA for 30 min, washed in PBS, and stained with Hoechst 33258 dye for 15 min at room temperature.…”

Nesfatin-1 antagonized rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in MES23.5 dopaminergic cells

“…Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) dehydrogenase activity was determined at 340 nm by measurement of the decrease in NADH absorbance that occurs when ubiquinone is reduced to ubiquinol (NADH isconverted to oxidized NAD + ) [6]. The reaction was started by adding the sample to the reaction mixture according to the manufacturer's instructions.…”

Recent Advances on the Neuroprotective Potential of Antioxidants in Experimental Models of Parkinson’s Disease

“…Several other synthetic compounds such as selenium [128], R -alpha-lipoic acid [129], rosmarinic acid [130], eugenol [131] isoborneol [132], melatonin [133], metalloporphryins compounds, and metal ion chelators [134] have neuroprotective effects in PD models based on their antioxidative properties. The antioxidant synthetic compounds reviewed are summarized and represented in Table 1.…”