“…In stark contrast to their neglect of environmental responsibility, many firms publicly prioritize their charitable donations (CD) and other philanthropic activities, often driven by cultural beliefs (Wang et al, 2022). CD are considered a significant aspect of corporate social responsibility, contributing to the regulation of wealth disparities, alleviation of social conflicts, and maintenance of social stability (Lu & Cheng, 2023). Firms have come to recognize their mutually beneficial relationship with society, whereby philanthropic activities such as CD help meet the demands and expectations of stakeholders (Shi et al, 2023).…”