Rosacea and Its Association With Malignancy: Systematic Review

Abstract

Background Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that predominantly manifests as facial flushing, irritation, and acne. Rosacea and cancer are thought to be linked by the commonality of inflammatory and immune response dysfunction. Studies that have looked into this possible association have reported mixed results. Objective Given the conflicting literature on this topic, our study sought to evaluate the overall association between rosacea and several cancers commonly investigated in the literature. Methods A systematic review was conducted using the Cochrane, PubMed, Embase, and Ovid databases. Studies were screened independently for inclusion of rosacea and glioma and breast, thyroid, hepatic, or skin cancers. Using information from the articles, rosacea and each cancer were categorized as having a positive, negative, or unclear association. Results Our systematic review included 39 full-text studies that investigated the association between rosacea and various malignancies. Among the malignancies of concern, 41% (16/39) of the studies reported an association with basal cell carcinoma, with 2 cohorts revealing an adjusted risk ratio (RR) of 1.50 (95% CI 1.35-1.67) and 0.72 (95% CI 0.56-0.93). In total, 33% (13/39) of the studies reported an association with squamous cell carcinoma, with 2 cohorts revealing an adjusted RR of 1.4 (95% CI 1.02-1.93) and 1.30 (95% CI 0.90-1.88). A total of 8% (3/39) of the studies reported an association between breast cancer and melanoma, with breast cancer cohorts revealing an adjusted RR of 8.453 (95% CI 1.638-43.606), 1.03 (95% CI 0.89-1.20), and 1.36 (95% CI 1.18-1.58) and melanoma cohorts revealing an adjusted RR of 1.10 (95% CI 0.95-1.27), 0.63 (95% CI 0.47-0.85), and 0.96 (95% CI 0.57-1.62). A total of 5% (2/39) of the studies reported an association among nonmelanoma skin cancers, hepatic cancer, and thyroid carcinomas, with nonmelanoma skin cancer cohorts revealing an adjusted RR of 1.36 (95% CI 1.26-1.47) and 2.66 (95% CI 1.53-4.61), hepatic cancer cohorts revealing an adjusted RR of 1.42 (95% CI 1.06-1.90) and 1.32 (95% CI 0.89-1.95), and thyroid carcinoma cohorts revealing an adjusted RR of 1.06 (95% CI 0.68-1.65) and 1.59 (95% CI 1.07-2.36). Only 1 cohort reported an association with glioma, revealing an adjusted RR of 1.36 (95% CI 1.18-1.58). According to our review, patients with rosacea were statistically more likely to have nonmelanoma skin cancers, breast cancer, and glioma. Rosacea was not found to be substantially associated with melanoma. The associations between rosacea and hepatic and thyroid cancers were unclear because of conflicting results. Conclusions The current literature shows that rosacea is significantly associated with increased odds of nonmelanoma skin cancers, glioma, and breast cancer. Rosacea does not appear to be associated with melanoma. Further studies should be conducted to clarify the association between thyroid and hepatic cancers and rosacea.

Novel insights into rosacea's role in cancer risk: A Mendelian randomization approach

“…Cancer is a major systemic disorder with imbalanced inflammatory and immune response as a hallmark. Similarly, the pathogenesis of rosacea is known to involve an abnormal inflammatory response, indeed, studies have reported a higher incidence of cancer in rosacea patients 10 . For example, Egeberg et al 19 .…”

“…Similarly, the pathogenesis of rosacea is known to involve an abnormal inflammatory response, indeed, studies have reported a higher incidence of cancer in rosacea patients. 10 For example, Egeberg et al. 19 conducted an epidemiological study to investigate the cancer incidence in patients previously diagnosed with rosacea with that in the general population, their 4‐year follow‐up revealed an elevated risk of non‐melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), breast cancer and hepatic cancer among patients with of rosacea.…”

“…6 Several follow‐up studies reported that rosacea was with higher odds of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), 7 basal cell carcinoma(BCC) 8 and actinic keratosis (AK), 9 with adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 1.40, 1.50, and 6.05, respectively. Additionally, several observational studies disclosed that rosacea was also associated with an increased risk of malignancies such as thyroid cancer, 8 breast cancer, 10 glioma 11 and hepatic cancer. 12 Which raised great concerns and misgivings among dermatologists and rosacea patients, prompting further investigation.…”