“…Studies of traumatized individuals have identified RIM indications of a biphasic response to trauma (van der Kolk, 1994;van der Kolk & Ducey, 1989), in which traumatic intrusions, hyperarousal, and emotional flooding alternate with emotional and cognitive avoidance, numbing, and constriction. Ephraim (2002) and Evans (2008) found indications of flooding or constriction shifting from one RIM response to the next, whereas Opaas and Hartmann's (2013) study found that either flooded or constricted characteristics tended to dominate the RIM protocols of the participants at the time of assessment. Viglione, Towns, and Lindshield (2012) observed how RIM responses reveal the struggle between loss of control and overcontrol, which they considered crucial to posttraumatic reactions.…”