“…Mutations impairing starch biosynthesis, biogenesis, and sedimentation of starch-containing plastids (i.e., statoliths) and their interactions with actin filaments, endoplasmic reticulum, and plasma membrane highlight the importance of mechanosensitive ion channels and components of calcium/calmodulin and inositol-phosphate signaling pathways that connect gravisensing with the regulation of polar localization of PINs and PGPs (Baldwin et al, 2013;Blancaflor, 2013;Kurusu et al, 2013). Emerging data indicate that cortical actin accumulation regulates clathrin-dependent endocytosis Nagawa et al, 2012), whereas enhanced inositol triphosphate and Ca 2+ levels decelerate exocytosis of PIN1 and PIN2 similarly to mutations of inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase and phosphatidylinositol monophosphate 5-kinase genes (Zhang et al, 2011;Mei et al, 2012). Furthermore, signaling through the 3-phosphoinositidedependent kinase1 and interactions with Ca 2+ binding or calmodulinlike proteins appear to regulate the activity of AGC kinases that phosphorylate central hydrophilic loops of PINs, as well as ABCB/ PGPs (Benjamins et al, 2003;Zegzouti et al, 2006;Henrichs et al, 2012;Rademacher and Offringa, 2012).…”