Root Spread Can Be Estimated From Crown Width of Douglas Fir, Lodgepole Pine, and Other British Columbia Tree Species

Smith, J. Harry G.

doi:10.5558/tfc40456-4

Cited by 25 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…According to Hermann (2005), the species root system usually reaches a depth of 60-100 cm on loose soils with favourable water regime on which the trees analysed by us occurred. On the other hand, Smith (1964) recorded a rooting depth of 182 cm in coastal Douglas fir. In vertical direction, Douglas fir occupies the available space with perpendicular and slant anchors shooting from the stem base relatively early and according to Eis (1974) it reaches the final configuration of the root system at about 10 years.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Root system development in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) on fertile sites

Mauer¹,

Palátová²

2012

J. For. Sci.

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ABSTRACT:The paper analyses the root system development in the artificially established stands of Douglas fir aged 10, 20, 30, 60 and 80 years on aerated soils (Cambisols) without skeleton. On these sites, the Douglas fir develops a uniform root system of substitute taproots and anchors, which has great predispositions to assure the good mechanical stability of trees as well as its resistance to sudden changes in upper soil horizons. Several anchors growing in positive geotropic direction shoot from the stem base, several slant anchors shooting from the side of the stem base turn into the positive geotropic direction of growth. In humus horizons, horizontal skeletal roots shoot from the stem base, which turn into lower soil horizons in an "elbow-pipe" manner and from which shoot positively geotropically growing anchors. Trees of Douglas fir develop this type of root system already at an age of twenty years.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Root system development in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) on fertile sites

Mauer¹,

Palátová²

2012

J. For. Sci.

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“…According to findings from in-field root excavations (e.g. Smith 1964;Stone and Kalisz 1991;Kutschera and Lichtenegger 2002;Bolte et al 2003, Kalliokoski et al 2008) z max and r max are kept constant for the two root system types, assuming adult trees with the same age ( Table 2). Shallow (SRS) and taproot systems (TRS) are approximated by the paraboloids.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integration of root systems into a GIS-based slip surface model: computational experiments in a generic hillslope environment

Schmaltz

Mergili

2018

Landslides

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Integration of root systems into a GIS-based slip surface model: computational experiments in a generic hillslope environment Abstract Root systems of trees reinforce the underlying soil in hillslope environments and therefore potentially increase slope stability. So far, the influence of root systems is disregarded in Geographic Information System (GIS) models that calculate slope stability along distinct failure plane. In this study, we analyse the impact of different root system compositions and densities on slope stability conditions computed by a GIS-based slip surface model. We apply the 2.5D slip surface model r.slope.stability to 23 root system scenarios imposed on pyramidoid-shaped elements of a generic landscape. Shallow, taproot and mixed root systems are approximated by paraboloids and different stand and patch densities are considered. The slope failure probability (P f ) is derived for each raster cell of the generic landscape, considering the reinforcement through root cohesion. Average and standard deviation of P f are analysed for each scenario. As expected, the r.slope.stability yields the highest values of P f for the scenario without roots. In contrast, homogeneous stands with taproot or mixed root systems yield the lowest values of P f . P f generally decreases with increasing stand density, whereby stand density appears to exert a more pronounced influence on P f than patch density. For patchy stands, P f increases with a decreasing size of the tested slip surfaces. The patterns yielded by the computational experiments are largely in line with the results of previous studies. This approach provides an innovative and simple strategy to approximate the additional cohesion supplied by root systems and thereby considers various compositions of forest stands in 2.5D slip surface models. Our findings will be useful for developing strategies towards appropriately parameterising root reinforcement in real-world slope stability modelling campaigns.

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“…Vegetation reduces erosion by lessening raindrop impact, providing increased soil strength through the root network, and thus reducing surface erosion, rill erosion, and shallow bank slumps and slips (e.g., Thornes, 1985;Thorne, 1990;Prosser and Dietrich, 1995;Simon and Darby, 1999;Abernethy and Rutherford, 2001;Micheli and Kirchner, 2002). In addition, increasing tree age (and thus rooting extent and depth) is related to increasing stability of the soil (Sidle, 1987), and tree height and canopy width are proportionally related to rooting width and depth (e.g., McMinn, 1963;Smith, 1964;Tubbs, 1977;Gilman, 1989). These relationships provide a basis for using tree height as a proxy for root spread and thus soil stability as described below.…”

Section: Modifying Erosion Potential By Vegetationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1). The region has experienced several cycles of Holocene and earlier incision and alluviation from climatic and tectonic forcing (Sloan, 2006) and more recently from land use changes and channelization (Rogers, 1988;Mero, 2015;Williams, 1912) and possibly gravel mining. Headward growth of stream valleys and canyon cutting (arroyos and gullies) were the dominant geomorphic agents in the basin (Hall, 1958), where sediment from these incised channels is now chronically supplied by steep eroding banks (Bigelow et al, 2012a).…”

Section: Basin Physical Characteristics and Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to sediment supply and sediment storage potential, practitioners should also consider the causes, current evolutionary stage, and history of channel incision within the watershed when determining the location of restoration projects to promote sediment storage (Schumm, 1999). The Arroyo Mocho basin has undergone several cycles of incision from tectonic uplift (Sloan, 2006), channelization of valley bottoms (Williams, 1912), changes in vegetation and runoff from land use (Rogers, 1988), and possibly gravel mining. Still, the incision cycles, history, and causes remain poorly understood and such knowledge would better target restoration locations and perhaps prevent or mitigate future cycles of incision from anthropogenic causes.…”

Section: Prioritize Areas For Sediment Storagementioning

confidence: 99%

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Delineating incised stream sediment sources within a San Francisco Bay tributary basin

2016

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Abstract. Erosion and sedimentation pose ubiquitous problems for land and watershed managers, requiring delineation of sediment sources and sinks across landscapes. However, the technical complexity of many spatially explicit erosion models precludes their use by practitioners. To address this critical gap, we demonstrate a contemporary use of applied geomorphometry through a straightforward GIS analysis of sediment sources in the San Francisco Bay Area in California, USA, designed to support erosion reduction strategies. Using 2 m lidar digital elevation models, we delineated the entire river network in the Arroyo Mocho watershed (573 km 2 ) at the scale of ∼ 30 m segments and identified incised landforms using a combination of hillslope gradient and planform curvature. Chronic erosion to the channel network was estimated based on these topographic attributes and the size of vegetation, and calibrated to sediment gage data, providing a spatially explicit estimate of sediment yield from incised channels across the basin. Rates of erosion were summarized downstream through the channel network, revealing patterns of sediment supply at the reach scale. Erosion and sediment supply were also aggregated to subbasins, allowing comparative analyses at the scale of tributaries. The erosion patterns delineated using this approach provide land use planners with a robust framework to design erosion reduction strategies. More broadly, the study demonstrates a modern analysis of important geomorphic processes affected by land use that is easily applied by agencies to solve common problems in watersheds, improving the integration between science and environmental management.

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Root Spread Can Be Estimated From Crown Width of Douglas Fir, Lodgepole Pine, and Other British Columbia Tree Species

Cited by 25 publications

References 2 publications

Root system development in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) on fertile sites

Root system development in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) on fertile sites

Integration of root systems into a GIS-based slip surface model: computational experiments in a generic hillslope environment

Delineating incised stream sediment sources within a San Francisco Bay tributary basin

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