Root-Rot of Sweet Chestnut and Beech Caused by Species of Phytophthora

Day, W. R.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.forestry.a062747

Cited by 43 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…In the Forest Condition Monitoring of 2006 beech was the most severely damaged tree species in Bavaria, Southern Germany with 46.9% of the trees showing crown transparency >25% (A nonymous 2006a). The susceptibility of F. sylvatica to Phytophthora species is known since 1930’s thorough studies of the root and collar rot epidemic caused by P. cambivora and P. syringae in United Kingdom beech forests (D ay 1938, 1939). The next reports came from Bavaria, southern Germany, where the occurrence of P. cambivora , P. citricola and other Phytophthora spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beech decline in Central Europe driven by the interaction between Phytophthora infections and climatic extremes

Jung¹

2009

Forest Pathology

181

248

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SummaryDuring the past decade, and in particular after the wet year 2002 and the dry year 2003, an increasing number of trees and stands of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Bavaria were showing symptoms typical for Phytophthora diseases: increased transparency and crown dieback, small-sized and often yellowish foliage, root and collar rot and aerial bleeding cankers up to stem heights of >20 m. Between 2003 and 2007 134 mature beech stands on a broad range of geological substrates were surveyed, and collar rot and aerial bleeding cankers were found in 116 (86.6%) stands. In most stands the majority of beech trees were declining and scattered or clustered mortality occurred. Bark and soil samples were taken from 314 trees in 112 stands, and 11 Phytophthora species were recovered from 253 trees (80.6%) in 104 stands (92.9%). The most frequent species were P. citricola, P. cambivora and P. cactorum. Primary Phytophthora lesions were soon infected by a series of secondary bark pathogens, including Nectria coccinea, and wood decay fungi. In addition, infected trees were often attacked by several bark and wood boring insects leading to rapid mortality. Bark necroses were examined for their probable age in order to determine whether the onset of the current Phytophthora epidemic was correlated to rainfall rates recorded at 22 Bavarian forest ecosystem monitoring stations. A small-scale survey in nine Bavarian nurseries demonstrated regular infestations of all beech fields with the same range of Phytophthora species. The results indicate that (1) Phytophthora species are regularly associated with beech decline and may also be involved in the complex of ÔBeech Bark DiseaseÕ, (2) excessive rainfalls and droughts are triggering the disease, and (3) widespread Phytophthora infestations of nursery stock might endanger current and future silvicultural projects aiming on the replacement of non-natural conifer stands by beech dominated mixed stands.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beech decline in Central Europe driven by the interaction between Phytophthora infections and climatic extremes

Jung¹

2009

Forest Pathology

181

248

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“…In the literature two species are considered being responsible for Ink Disease of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) in Europe: P. cambivora (Petri) Buis and the more aggressive P. cinnamomi Rand (Petri, 1917;Milburn and Gravatt, 1932;Day, 1938;Crandall et al, 1945;Grente 1961). The specific symptoms of Ink Disease of chestnut are necroses of feeder and main roots, which can spread to the collar and the trunk resulting in cortical lesions with black exudates which gave the name of the disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and distribution of Phytophthora species in European chestnut stands, and their association with Ink Disease and crown decline

et al. 2005

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The Phytophthora complex associated with Castanea sativa Mill. was investigated in five European countries in 35 regions and with respect to various domestication levels. Annual precipitation and length of drought season were the main parameters that regulated the presence of Phytophthora species in the chestnut stands. Seven species of Phytophthora were detected; three of these, P. megasperma, P. cryptogea and P. syringae had not been previously reported on sweet chestnut. P. cinnamomi. P. cambivora and P. citricola were most frequently isolated. P. cinnamomi and P. cambivora were the species significantly associated with declining trees with symptoms of Ink Disease. P. cinnamomi required distinct ecological conditions compared to the other species. P. cinnamomi was never detected in sites characterized by minimum temperatures below 1.4°C, maximum temperature above 28°C, or soil pH below 5.4. The results obtained provide useful information for modeling the probability of Ink Disease, crown decline and associated Phytophthora species in chestnut groves in global climatic change scenarios.

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“…The majority of these isolates were classified as P. plurivora, a species causing dieback, small and often yellowish foliage, extensive fine-root losses, root lesions, collar rots and aerial cankers. P. plurivora infects a variety of plants, including alder, birch, beech, oak, maple, linden, willow and horse chestnut (Day, 1938;Jung & Blaschke, 2004;Jung, 2009;Kovács, Lakatos, & Szabó, 2015;Schoebel, Stewart, Grünwald, Rigling, & Prospero, 2014), and is responsible for several devastating declines and diebacks of major forest tree species, in particular oak, black walnut and beech (Jung, 2009). Phytophthora plurivora has recently been reported to cause cankers and root rot on almond, a newly recognized host for this pathogen (Çiftçi, Türkőlmez, Derviş, & Serçe, 2016).…”

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Canker and fine‐root loss of Malus sieversii (Ldb.) Roem. caused by Phytophthora plurivora in Xinjiang Province in China

et al. 2018

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In recent years, the distribution and population of the Xinjiang wild apple, Malus sieversii, a protected vulnerable plant among endangered rare germplasm resources of China, have been decreasing. A field survey conducted during 2015–2017 detected decline and dieback of Xinjiang wild apple in the Yili region in Xinjiang Province. Two Phytophthora spp. were isolated from cankers and soil samples around symptomatic M. sieversii trees: One isolate was shown to cause infection, based on Koch's postulates. The isolate was identified as Phytophthora plurivora based on morphological features, physiological characteristics, ITS1–5.8S–ITS2 rDNA and cox1 sequence analyses. This is the first report of P. plurivora pathogenicity on Xinjiang wild apple in Xinjiang Province in China, constituting a new host for this pathogen. The potential of P. plurivora to cause damage in pure stands of Xinjiang wild apple in Xinjiang Province should be determined.

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Root-Rot of Sweet Chestnut and Beech Caused by Species of Phytophthora

Cited by 43 publications

References 0 publications

Beech decline in Central Europe driven by the interaction between Phytophthora infections and climatic extremes

Beech decline in Central Europe driven by the interaction between Phytophthora infections and climatic extremes

Occurrence and distribution of Phytophthora species in European chestnut stands, and their association with Ink Disease and crown decline

Canker and fine‐root loss of Malus sieversii (Ldb.) Roem. caused by Phytophthora plurivora in Xinjiang Province in China

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