Root Interaction Between Bromus Tectorum and Poa Pratensis: A Three-Dimensional Analysis

Bookman, Peter A.

doi:10.2307/1936783

Cited by 40 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Under these conditions, Brassica plants which had undergone competition from older Panicum plants were significantly smaller and had taken up significantly less N and P than control Brassicas of the same age. This strong effect of relative germination date on growth under competition has also been demonstrated for Bromus tectorum (Bookman and Mack, 1982) and Linum (Fowler, 1984). Though Brassica nigra was a stronger competitor than Panicum virgatum when the seedlings were of equal age, Brassica became inferior in competitive ability to Panicum when germination date was offset.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…The plant which germinates first has the opportunity to develop a larger root system and to reduce available nutrient and light levels prior to the onset of direct competition. Thus, an earlier germinating mycorrhizal plant may outcompete a neighboring non-mycorrhizal plant (Bookman and Mack, 1982) regardless of the intensity of belowground grazing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of collembola (arthropoda) and relative germination date on competition between mycorrhizalPanicum virgatum (Poaceae) and non-mycorrhizalBrassica nigra (Brassicaceae)

Boerner

Harris

1991

Plant Soil

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In this experiment the separate and interactive effects of grazing of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae by collembola and of relative germination date on competition between the mycorrhizal perennial grass Panicum virgatum and the non-mycorrhizal annual crucifer Brassica nigra were investigated. In the absence of competition, P. virgatum mass and P uptake were not affected by collembola grazing; grazing did reduce tissue N concentration and root:shoot ratio. Competition from B. nigra plants of the same age/size ("simultaneous competition") significantly reduced P. virgatum total, root, and shoot mass relative to control plants not subject to competition. In contrast, when in competition, B. nigra plants did not differ in biomass from B. nigra controls grown without competition. Simultaneous competition also reduced N and P uptake by P. virgatum, but not by B. nigra. Grazing by collembola during simultaneous competition increased the differences in nutrient uptake and tended to shift the competitive balance further toward the non-mycorrhizal B. nigra. When P. virgatum plants were subjected to competition from B. nigra plants which germinated three weeks later ("offset competition") the situation was reversed: offset B. nigra plants were negatively affected by competition while the larger, older P. virgatum plants were not. Thus, relative germination date is important in determining the relative competitive ability of these two species. Grazing by collembola did not affect offset competition. The grazing of VAM hyphae by collembola appears to increase N availability in this experimental system. Under simultaneous competition, this N is taken up by the more extensive root system of B. nigra; under offset conditions, the root system of the smaller B. nigra plants is insufficient to take advantage of the added resources. Thus, we suggest that grazing-induced transient changes in nutrient availability and the differential abilities of the two species to make use of these added resources constitute the mechanisms by which relative germination date and collembola grazing influence competition.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of collembola (arthropoda) and relative germination date on competition between mycorrhizalPanicum virgatum (Poaceae) and non-mycorrhizalBrassica nigra (Brassicaceae)

Boerner

Harris

1991

Plant Soil

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“…However, such information cannot be obtained easily because roots cannot be observed directly and cannot be discriminated easily owing to their similarity in shape and/or color even among different species. Various methods such as the separation of roots according to differences in color or shape (Katayama et al 1996), the isotope labeling of roots (Litav andHarper 1967, Bookman andMack 1982) and the direct mapping of root location (Caldwell et al 1991, Van Rees et al 1994, have been proposed to overcome these constraints, but they are laborious.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvement of root staining method for field applications

Murakami

Shimano

Kaneda

et al. 2011

Soil Science and Plant Nutrition

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The root interaction between neighboring plants is neither obvious nor well studied because there are no easy and convenient methods to distinguish the root system among individual plants. Previously, we developed a method of pressure-injection of dye into the roots of pot-grown plants in dry soil condition. Here, we modified the method for high-pressure injection in wet soil or outdoor fields to counter root pressure. In our preliminary pot experiment, the roots of tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum ''Momotaro'') were stained well in wet soil by dye injection at 0.5 MPa. In the field test, tomato plants were grown in a 2 m Â 2 m concrete frame field. Four successive plant shoots were cut 159 and 170 days after sowing, and dye solutions (Fantasy) of different colors were pressure-injected into the roots from the stumps from 0.05 to 0.5 MPa. The volume of the dye and the time required for staining were respectively in the ranges of 120 to 150 mL and 9 to 96 h. Soil blocks or cores were sampled and the roots were collected by hand picking and the water floating method, and distinguished by color. The recognition and collection of roots were easy because most of them were stained dark. In the 0-15 cm soil layer, most of the roots in the four blocks surrounding the hills came from the hills. In blocks found at the intermediate position between two adjacent plants, the roots of both plants were distributed. In the 15-30 cm soil layer, most of the roots in the four blocks surrounding the hills came from the hills, although roots of other plants also existed. The roots of each plant extended to adjacent plants, even reaching distant plants. The roots of a plant did not grow toward another plant in the opposite row. Findings of this study are useful in relation to effective fertilizer application. The proposed injection method is expected to facilitate the study of the interactions between root systems in the field.

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“…Patches of H. jamesii in other biogeographic regions, such as the salt deserts of the southern Great Basin, are also frequently invaded by B. tectorum (e.g., Freeman and Emlen 1995). A few other native plant communities have been found to be resistant to invasion by B. tectorum (Bookman and Mack 1982;Kotanen et al 1998;Booth et al 2003;Humphrey and Schupp 2004). It is not known to what degree these invasion patterns are driven by the characteristics of the dominant native plants present, by the soil biota, by the differences found in soil characteristics in these two grassland patch types, or by some combination of the above factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil amendment effects on the exotic annual grass Bromus tectorum L. and facilitation of its growth by the native perennial grass Hilaria jamesii (Torr.) Benth

Belnap

Sherrod

2008

Plant Ecol

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Root Interaction Between Bromus Tectorum and Poa Pratensis: A Three-Dimensional Analysis

Cited by 40 publications

References 27 publications

Effects of collembola (arthropoda) and relative germination date on competition between mycorrhizalPanicum virgatum (Poaceae) and non-mycorrhizalBrassica nigra (Brassicaceae)

Effects of collembola (arthropoda) and relative germination date on competition between mycorrhizalPanicum virgatum (Poaceae) and non-mycorrhizalBrassica nigra (Brassicaceae)

Improvement of root staining method for field applications

Soil amendment effects on the exotic annual grass Bromus tectorum L. and facilitation of its growth by the native perennial grass Hilaria jamesii (Torr.) Benth

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