Root canal morphology of the human mandibular first molar

Skidmore, A.E.; Bjorndal, Arne M.

doi:10.1016/0030-4220(71)90304-5

Cited by 244 publications

(191 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…There are various methods for studying the morphology of human permanent teeth: use of radiographs 13) , cutting the teeth at different levels 28) , making polyester resin cast replicas of the pulp space 20) , clearing and injection of dye 27,29) , and micro-CT 30) . Since the apical ramifications are very small and extend from the main canal in a branching pattern, sectioning was selected here.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…"Apical clearing" and "apical foramen widening" are further options following canal preparation. These procedures are intended to maximize debridement and irrigation and increase the size of the apical preparation in small canals, allowing for procedural errors to be minimized 20) . Apical clearing was introduced by Walton and Torabinejad 25) , who recommended the sequential use of files two-to-four sizes larger than the master apical file and reaming throughout the working length.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of “Apical Clearing” and “Apical Foramen Widening” on Apical Ramifications and Bacterial Load in Root Canals

Yadav

Shah

Naseem

et al. 2014

Bull. Tokyo Dent. Coll.

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The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of apical clearing and apical foramen widening in reducing apical ramifications and bacterial load in the apical third of root canals. The mesio-buccal roots of 21 maxillary first molar teeth were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis suspension using a sterile pipette. Samples were incubated at 37°C for 72 hrs and divided into 3 groups: Group A, control group (n=5), no preparation; Group B (n=8) conventional preparation alone; and Group C (n=8), apical clearing and foramen widening in addition to conventional preparation. Bacterial counts were semi-quantitatively analyzed pre-and post-preparation. Samples were demineralized with 5% nitric acid after injection of India ink. Cross sections were obtained at every 0.5 mm from the apex to 3 mm of the root using a vibratome and viewed under a stereomicroscope at 64×magnification to locate any debris or apical ramifications. The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were used for the statistical analysis. A statistically significant difference was observed (p value 0.006) in the number of ramifications among the 3 groups. Group C had a lower average number of ramifications (1) than Group B (2.5) or A (4). The debris score was analyzed at each level (0.5-3 mm). A statistically significant difference was observed at 0.5 mm and 1 mm between Group A and C (p=0.0041) and Group B and C (p=0.0050), whereas no difference was found between Group A and B (p>0.05). These results indicate that there was less debris and fewer apical ramifications in Group C. The microbiological study revealed a lower number of colony forming units (10 ). These results suggest that apical widening and clearing facilitates removal of apical ramifications and bacterial load within root canals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of “Apical Clearing” and “Apical Foramen Widening” on Apical Ramifications and Bacterial Load in Root Canals

Yadav

Shah

Naseem

et al. 2014

Bull. Tokyo Dent. Coll.

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“…1 Skidmore and Bjorndal, 1971;2 Cattotte, 2004 2nd molar 3 (79%) 2 canals in the mesial root and 1-2 canals in the distal root occur C-shaped canal occurs An additional canal occurs in distal root Vertucci, 1984;Carrotte, 2004;Jafarzadeh and Wu, 2007;Cleghorn et al 2012;Fernandes et al 2014 4 (7-42%) Cleghorn et al 2012 3rd molar numerous Irregular canal configurations; C-shaped canal occurs Carrotte, 2004;Fernandes et al 2014 dividual canals (Fan et al 2007). However, a C-shaped canal with a single swath of canal occurs rarely.…”

Section: Toothmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differentiation of root canal morphology – a review of the literature

Przesmycka

Tomczyk

2016

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The morphological diversity of the inner anatomy of root canals in human permanent teeth is an issue mainly described in endodontics research. In recent years, it is a relatively new point in anthropological studies because it varies by sex, geographic and ethnic circumstances. An unusual number of root canals or their specific systems can differentiate populations around the world. The multiplicity of available methods for detecting root canal systems helps to better understand their complexity; however, most cannot be applied to anthropology due to limitations that occur in the bioarcheological material. Thorough knowledge of the heterogeneity and internal anatomy of the root canals supplies numerous classification systems proposed and improved over the years by many authors. A limited number of studies in the anthropological literature and future research will shed light onto the internal tooth morphology in historical populations. The aim of this paper is to describe various classification systems of root canals applied in endodontics. However, due to the often poor state of preservation and damage of archaeological derived remains, it seems that the best method is the approach that is the simplest and least complicated.

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“…Injecting resin into a canal system and then dissolving the tooth in acid to obtain the resin canal replica has been described in the literature (7,9). First, an extracted tooth is selected and an access cavity prepared.…”

Section: Canal Templatementioning

confidence: 99%

Construction Of Standardised Simulated Root Canals In Resin Blocks For Pre-clinical Teaching

Soo

Thong

2002

ADUM

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Simulated canals in clear resin blocks have been widely used in pre-clinical endodontic teaching. The artificial canal provides direct visualisation of procedures in root canal treatment. Stanuardised simulated root canals have been produced in the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya for dental education and research. The canals are easy and inexpensive to construct. An outline of the method of construction of resin simulated canals is presented in this paper.

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Root canal morphology of the human mandibular first molar

Cited by 244 publications

References 2 publications

Effect of “Apical Clearing” and “Apical Foramen Widening” on Apical Ramifications and Bacterial Load in Root Canals

Effect of “Apical Clearing” and “Apical Foramen Widening” on Apical Ramifications and Bacterial Load in Root Canals

Differentiation of root canal morphology – a review of the literature

Construction Of Standardised Simulated Root Canals In Resin Blocks For Pre-clinical Teaching

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