Room‐temperature synthesis of flower‐like hierarchical architecture of BiOI and enhanced photocatalytic activity: Application of response surface methodology

Abstract

Flower‐like bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI) hierarchical microspheres were synthesized successfully at room temperature in the presence of ethylene glycol and KI as solvent and iodide source, respectively and applied for the photocatalytic degradation of levofloxacin from aqueous media under visible light irradiation. Optimal conditions for the synthesis and photocatalytic processes were obtained by using the response surface methodology (RSM) combined with central composite design (CCD). Based on the CCD, the quadratic model represents the relationship between the following factors: reactant concentration (0.009–0.116 mol/L), percentage of ethylene glycol (15%–85%) for synthesis processes and contact time (12–108 min), BiOI dosage (0.05–2.45 g/L), and initial concentration (1.1–5.9 mg/L) for photocatalytic processes. The obtained BiOI structures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen adsorption (BET), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy. The results show that the proposed quadratic model in accordance with the experiment results in an R2 value and lack of fit F‐values of 0.9987 and 2.79 for synthesis processes, and 0.9977 and 3.06 for photocatalytic processes. It was observed that ethylene glycol not only acted as a solvent but was also a soft temple for the fabrication of flower‐like BiOI hierarchical microspheres. The optimum conditions of reactant concentration and percentage of ethylene glycol for synthesis processes were obtained at 0.063 mol/L and 85%, respectively. Additionally, under visible light irradiation, the synthesized flower‐like BiOI hierarchical microspheres can remove levofloxacin up to 99%. The optimum conditions of contact time, BiOI dosage, and levofloxacin initial concentration for photocatalytic processes were obtained at 90 min, 2 g/L, and 2 mg/L, respectively.

Improvement of Photocatalytic Degradation and Adsorption of Ciprofloxacin by Bismuth Oxyiodide

“…BiOI hierarchical structures were synthesized by hydrolysis method at room temperature (BiOI-R) and solvothermal method (BiOI-S) in the presence of ethylene glycol (EG) [27,28]. In brief, the total volume of water and EG was kept at 200 mL.…”

“…Therefore, it is essential to synthesize hierarchical BiOI architectures to meet the requirements of potential applications and overcome these disadvantages [24][25][26]. In our previous studies, BiOI hierarchical structures were prepared by the solution route at room temperature and solvothermal method in the presence of KI and ethylene glycol (EG) [27,28].…”

Improvement of Ciprofloxacin Antibiotic Photocatalytic Degradation and Adsorption Ability from Aqueous Solution by Bismuth Oxyiodide

“…Eventually, the obtained precipitate was dried at 60°C in the air for 6 h, and BiOI-R was formed. This synthesized condition was described in our previous study (Hai et al 2022).…”

BiOCl Nanosheets with (001), (002), and (003) Dominant Crystal Faces with Excellent Light-Degradation Ability

“…For the modification of bismuth oxychloride, doping, − recombination, − and loading methods are mostly used. These modification methods require long synthesis times, high reaction temperatures, and complex equipment . Nevertheless, the complexity of the preparation method is not proportional to the catalytic activity of the catalyst.…”

“…These modification methods require long synthesis times, high reaction temperatures, and complex equipment. 21 Nevertheless, the complexity of the preparation method is not proportional to the catalytic activity of the catalyst. Long et al doped a BiOCl photocatalyst with Cu 2+ , and the introduction of Cu 2+ gradually increased the light absorption range of BiOCl.…”