Room temperature strong light-matter coupling in three dimensional terahertz meta-atoms

Paulillo, Bruno; Manceau, Jean‐Michel; Li, L. H.; Davies, A. G.; Linfield, E. H.; Colombelli, R.

doi:10.1063/1.4943167

Cited by 20 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…They rely on extremely sub-wavelength single units called meta-atoms, whose archetypical example is the split-ring resonator: a sub-wavelength LC circuit where the microscopic capacitor can, in principle, host a semiconductor active region. Passive devices (absorbers, polaritonic structures, 3D metamaterials) based on this concept have been demonstrated [23][24][25]. However, an electrically-injected optoelectronic 'meta-atom' device (a laser or a detector) has yet to be demonstrated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrafast terahertz detectors based on three-dimensional meta-atoms

Paulillo¹,

Pirotta²,

Nong³

et al. 2017

Optica

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Terahertz (THz) and sub-THz frequency emitter and detector technologies are receiving increasing attention, underpinned by emerging applications in ultra-fast THz physics, frequency-combs technology and pulsed laser development in this relatively unexplored region of the electromagnetic spectrum. In particular, semiconductor-based ultrafast THz receivers are required for compact, ultrafast spectroscopy and communication systems, and to date, quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) have proved to be an excellent technology to address this given their intrinsic ps-range response However, with research focused on diffraction-limited QWIP structures (lambda/2), RC constants cannot be reduced indefinitely, and detection speeds are bound to eventually meet un upper limit. The key to an ultra-fast response with no intrinsic upper limit even at tens of GHz is an aggressive reduction in device size, below the diffraction limit. Here we demonstrate sub-wavelength (lambda/10) THz QWIP detectors based on a 3D split-ring geometry, yielding ultra-fast operation at a wavelength of around 100 {\mu}m. Each sensing meta-atom pixel features a suspended loop antenna that feeds THz radiation in the ~20 m3 active volume. Arrays of detectors as well as single-pixel detectors have been implemented with this new architecture, with the latter exhibiting ultra-low dark currents below the nA level. This extremely small resonator architecture leads to measured optical response speeds - on arrays of 300 devices - of up to ~3 GHz and an expected device operation of up to tens of GHz, based on the measured S-parameters on single devices and arrays

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrafast terahertz detectors based on three-dimensional meta-atoms

Paulillo¹,

Pirotta²,

Nong³

et al. 2017

Optica

Self Cite

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“…We can see that the intersubband plasmon frequencies obtained in the two cases strongly differ from our measurement, confirming the analysis presented above. 29,31,32 In order to improve further the strength of the light-matter coupling, we designed a second sample with an identical absorbing region, but with an increased thickness of the cavity (320 nm) and and increased doping density in the outermost GaAs layers (6 × 10 18 cm −3 ). After processing into patch cavities and LC metamaterials, we perform the same experiments as described above (see Supplementary materials for details).…”

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confidence: 99%

Ultrastrong Light–Matter Coupling in Deeply Subwavelength THz LC Resonators

et al. 2019

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The ultra-strong light-matter coupling regime has been demonstrated in a novel threedimensional inductor-capacitor (LC) circuit resonator, embedding a semiconductor twodimensional electron gas in the capacitive part. The fundamental resonance of the LC circuit interacts with the intersubband plasmon excitation of the electron gas at ω c = 3.3 THz with a normalized coupling strength 2Ω R /ω c = 0.27. Light matter interaction is driven by the quasi-static electric field in the capacitors, and takes place in a highly subwavelength effective volume V eff = 10 −6 λ 3 0 . This enables the observation of the ultra-strong light-matter coupling with 2.4 × 10 3 electrons only. Notably, our fabrication protocol can be applied to the integration of a semiconductor region into arbitrary nano-engineered three dimensional meta-atoms. This circuit architecture can be considered the building block of metamaterials for ultra-low dark current detectors. Metamaterials were introduced to enable new electromagnetic properties of matter which are not naturally found in nature. Celebrated examples of such achievements are, for instance, negative refraction 1 and artificial magnetism. 2 The unit cells of metamaterials are artificially designed meta-atoms that have dimensions ideally much smaller than the wavelength of interest λ 0 . 3 Such meta-atoms act as high frequency inductor-capacitor (LC) resonators which sustain a resonance close to λ 0 ∝ √ LC. 3 The resonant behaviour, occurring into highly subwavelength volumes, generates high electromagnetic field intensities which, as pointed out by the seminal paper of Pendry et al., 2 are crucial to implement artificial electromagnetic properties of a macroscopic ensemble of meta-atoms. Moreover, the ability to control and enhance the electromagnetic field at the nanoscale is beneficial for optoelectronic devices, such as nano-lasers 4 electromagnetic sensors 5-7 and detectors. 8-12 For instance, metamaterial architectures have lead to a substantial decrease of the thermally excited dark current in quantum infrared detectors, resulting in higher temperature operation. 11,12The LC circuit can be seen as a quantum har-

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“…Many subsequent studies have demonstrated strong coupling in a variety of systems. Semiconductor microcavity structures containing active inorganic material layers are most frequently reported due to their mixed mode nature and manipulated polariton features, such as GaN high optical quality film in an all‐dielectric cavity, CdTe photonic crystal structure with a series of embedded quantum wells (QWs), and 2D atomic crystal MoS 2 or MoSe 2 embedded in the double microcavity structures . Strong coupling interactions between hyperbolic metamaterial high‐k modes and embedded QW intersubband transitions have also been reported .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strong Coupling in Microcavity Structures: Principle, Design, and Practical Application

Yua

et al. 2018

Laser & Photonics Reviews

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When interaction between light and matter is in the strong coupling region, matter has a significant influence on the whole system, with potential to develop low-power active optical devices. Strong coupling can verify some basic problems of quantum physics, and it is an ideal system to study light-matter interaction, providing an intuitive and accurate demonstration of some pure quantum effects with small mass and easy optical control. Here, the most important advances in strong coupling in recent years are described. Of late, an extensive series of experimental and theoretical findings, and remarkable achievements have been made in this field. Strong coupling between cavities and some new materials such as semiconductors, two-dimensional (2D) material, and quantum dots (QDs) are the focus of research in this field. Another field that has made outstanding progress is the application of this optical phenomenon, including resonance-enhanced Raman and infrared spectra, nanolasers, and cavity-enhanced sensing. Furthermore, the potential in this field arises for future quantum information and quantum optical devices. It is now developing at a very fast rate and can be predicted to have broad prospects for development in the future. Some prospects in terms of design and application are included.

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Room temperature strong light-matter coupling in three dimensional terahertz meta-atoms

Cited by 20 publications

References 23 publications

Ultrafast terahertz detectors based on three-dimensional meta-atoms

Ultrafast terahertz detectors based on three-dimensional meta-atoms

Ultrastrong Light–Matter Coupling in Deeply Subwavelength THz LC Resonators

Strong Coupling in Microcavity Structures: Principle, Design, and Practical Application

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