Room temperature processing for solid-state electrochromic devices on single substrate: From glass to flexible plastic

Cossari, Pierluigi; Cannavale, Alessandro; Gambino, Salvatore; Gigli, Giuseppe

doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2016.06.029

Cited by 34 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…[44] In this regard, common D H+ values (liquid and solid polymer electrolytes) in amorphous WO 3 films were reported to be in a range of 10 −11 -10 −10 cm 2 s −1 , and that D H+ is higher than D Li+ by roughly one order of magnitude. [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]45] Concurrently, the low D H+ and high τ found for ECD-A are coherent with high voltages and slow kinetics needed to activate the coloring/bleaching processes of bulk-based ECDs. Here, the proton diffusion coefficients in the WO 3 film of ECD-B fall in a range typical of highly porous nanostructured WO 3 film/liquid electrolyte, i.e., 3.92 × 10 −8 cm 2 s −1 at 50% RH, achieving the outstanding value of 1.1 × 10 −6 cm 2 s −1 at maximum hydration (RH = 90%).…”

Section: Wwwadvmatinterfacesdementioning

confidence: 82%

“…Figure 1 depicts a cartoon of the devices employed in this study. [16,27] Conversely, ECD-B (Figure 1b) was fabricated by inverting the processing steps of the SPE and the WO 3 active layers. [16,27] Conversely, ECD-B (Figure 1b) was fabricated by inverting the processing steps of the SPE and the WO 3 active layers.…”

Section: Design and Fabrication Of All-solid-state Ecds On Single Submentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to a stratigraphic representation, the architecture of solid-state ECD-A ( Figure 1a) consists of a commercial ITO-coated glass, a thin film of WO 3 EC layer, a SPE film, and a highly transparent and conductive electrode (Glass-ITO/WO 3 / Nafion/ITO). [16,27] Conversely, ECD-B ( Figure 1b) was fabricated by inverting the processing steps of the SPE and the WO 3 active layers. Differently from ECD-A in which WO 3 was grown on rigid ITO-coated glass, for ECD-B it was deposited on polymer substrate (Nafion).The resulting device configuration is based on commercial ITO-coated glass, SPE film, a thin film of WO 3 , and ITO electrode (Glass-ITO/Nafion/WO 3 /ITO) (see the Experimental Section for further fabrication details).…”

Section: Design and Fabrication Of All-solid-state Ecds On Single Submentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These can be distinguished into two main methodological approaches. [11,12,[24][25][26][27] Moreover, it offers advantages in terms of reduced costs, waste of raw materials, and speed of manufacturing, representing thus a very promising strategy for industrial exploitation. [19][20][21][22] In this case, the device is based on a standard "sandwich-type" configuration in which the gel electrolyte is interposed between two electrode substrates, and then treated by an extra UV curing or thermal process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This system exhibited an optical contrast of 35% and a response time of 25 s. [26] Conversely, we reported a hybrid monolithic device fabricated continuously on a single substrate without, however, any extra curing or annealing treatment of the polymer electrolyte. [16,27,28] In a similar way to the manufacturing of all inorganic monolithic devices, it allows for direct deposition of a highly transparent conductive electrode (TCE) layer on the top of a very thin solid Nafion film. The resulting device showed an optical contrast of 49% at 650 nm with high activation voltages (6-12 V) and low switching response times ranging between 30 and 90 s.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simplified All‐Solid‐State WO₃ Based Electrochromic Devices on Single Substrate: Toward Large Area, Low Voltage, High Contrast, and Fast Switching Dynamics

Cossari

Pugliese

Simari

et al. 2020

Adv Materials Inter

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Electrochromic devices (ECDs) represent one of the most promising energy saving and solar control technology for the market of energy‐efficient building and optoelectronic devices. A continuous and intense effort is currently devoted to the development of effective solid‐state ECDs and their integration in multifunctional systems, such as photoelectrochromics. Here, the fabrication of simplified all‐solid‐state WO3 based ECDs on single‐substrate is reported, demonstrating how the rational design of highly interconnected WO3 columnar nanostructures with Nafion polymer matrix remarkably decreases the charge transport barrier at the hybrid electrolyte/electrochromic interface (EEI), thus determining an impressive improvement of overall device performances. The soft polymer substrate of the electrolyte plays a key role on the formation of WO3 pillar‐like structures and on the increase of interfacial contact area by affecting the vacuum‐deposition WO3 growth. Apart from providing higher transmittance in bleached state, the resulting device, entirely manufactured at room temperature by bottom‐up process, exhibits lower activation voltages (0.5–3 V) and faster switching kinetics (5–10 s) compared with monolithic ECDs based on both bulk and mesoporous WO3 films. Furthermore, the enhanced EEI enables the scale‐up on large area and flexible substrate ensuring simultaneously a wide optical contrast (ΔT = 70%), and high coloration efficiency.

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Section: Wwwadvmatinterfacesdementioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Design and Fabrication Of All-solid-state Ecds On Single Submentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Design and Fabrication Of All-solid-state Ecds On Single Submentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Simplified All‐Solid‐State WO₃ Based Electrochromic Devices on Single Substrate: Toward Large Area, Low Voltage, High Contrast, and Fast Switching Dynamics

Cossari

Pugliese

Simari

et al. 2020

Adv Materials Inter

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Solid‐State and Flexible Black Electrochromic Devices Enabled by Ni‐Cu Salts Based Organohydrogel Electrolytes

Guo

Chen

Poh

et al. 2023

Adv Materials Inter

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Solid‐state black electrochromic devices (ECDs) are promising for smart window applications, particularly when privacy protection and low leakage are required. Herein, a Ni–Cu salts/poly(vinyl alcohol) based organohydrogel electrolyte is developed with superior visible‐light transparency (83.8%), ionic conductivity (0.11 mS cm−1), and mechanical properties (tensile strength: 11.1 kPa, breaking strain: 242.6%). Due to the high viscosity of the organohydrogel electrolyte, a homogeneous Ni–Cu alloy film with a surface roughness of around 11.2 nm can be electrodeposited under −3 V for 5 min, and the resulting black color can be retained for over 350 min with a transmittance increase of only 5% at the voltage‐off state. The solid‐state rigid ECD exhibits an outstanding optical contrast between the transparent and colored states (visible light transmittance: 70.8% vs 0.085%), excellent cycling stability with over 90% retention of optical contrast after 2000 cycles. Finally, a flexible ECD is fabricated with the organohydrogel electrolyte and annealed indium tin oxide (ITO)‐coated polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) films as flexible and durable electrodes. It exhibits good mechanical flexibility with transmittance modulation degradation of 10% after 800 bending cycles and switching stability for 400 cycles with up to 43% optical contrast.

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All Solid‐State Flexible Electrochromic‐Organic Light‐Emitting Diode Devices on Single‐Plastic Substrate for See‐Through Display Technologies

Cossari

Pugliese

Gigli

et al. 2021

Adv Materials Technologies

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modulation of its transmittance states. The basic unit of an EC device consists of an electrolyte layer and two symmetric EC electrodes: cathodic and/or anodic EC film deposited on a conductive and transparent substrate. Upon application of an external potential the EC materials can undergo reversible changes of their optical absorption by redox processes and the simultaneous insertion/extraction (coloration/ decoloration) of charge-balancing ions. [10] With regard to the fabrication methods, the most part of the EC devices are typically assembled according to a "sandwichtype" structure, in which a liquid or gel electrolyte is interposed between the two EC electrodes. These systems however suffer from strong limitations, mainly due to defects in homogeneity of coloration, dark spots, and pinholes for the inhomogeneous distribution of the electric field applied, peripheral leakage for inefficient sealing, and, especially, a limited durability and lifetime. [1,11,12] Furthermore their use poses safety problems, requires a more complex sealing procedures and an additional lamination step of the two glass electrodes, limiting the speed of manufacturing process, and increasing costs. Therefore, a huge effort has been devoted to replace liquid and gel electrolytes with solid-state ones and at the same time design new and simplified device architectures. In this context, solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have gained great attention due their potential advantages, including electrochemical stability (e.g., wide electrochemical window), low-cost, and ease of processability. [13][14][15] In addition, they have high flexibility, are lightweight, have no leakage, and have good compatibility with electrode materials, making them suitable for scale-up to large area and the realization of multifunctional EC systems with integrative functionalities, such as for example photoelectrochromics or EC electroluminescent devices. [1,2,16] However, suitable ion conduction for EC application is achieved at the expense of their structural and mechanical properties, by adding organic solvents or plasticizing agents that can strongly affect the device stability. Furthermore, SPEs can be degraded by parasitic side reactions with air or moisture, and photo oxidative processes with consequent discoloration of the surface and mechanical damages, thus jeopardizing both the aesthetical and functional characteristics. Recently, two differentThe development of solid-state electrochromics (EC) represents an emerging challenge towards effective integration with other optoelectronic units, such as the EC-organic light-emitting diode devices (EC-OLEDs). By a simultaneous or independent control of optical contrast (EC function) and OLED emission upon electrical activation, these fascinating systems are capable of adaptively modulating solar radiation and display lighting. Here, we report a flexible ECOLED on a single-plastic substrate demonstrating how the rational design of a highly efficient and durable solid-state EC cell enables an increase of overa...

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Room temperature processing for solid-state electrochromic devices on single substrate: From glass to flexible plastic

Cited by 34 publications

References 46 publications

Simplified All‐Solid‐State WO₃ Based Electrochromic Devices on Single Substrate: Toward Large Area, Low Voltage, High Contrast, and Fast Switching Dynamics

Simplified All‐Solid‐State WO₃ Based Electrochromic Devices on Single Substrate: Toward Large Area, Low Voltage, High Contrast, and Fast Switching Dynamics

Solid‐State and Flexible Black Electrochromic Devices Enabled by Ni‐Cu Salts Based Organohydrogel Electrolytes

All Solid‐State Flexible Electrochromic‐Organic Light‐Emitting Diode Devices on Single‐Plastic Substrate for See‐Through Display Technologies

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Room temperature processing for solid-state electrochromic devices on single substrate: From glass to flexible plastic

Cited by 34 publications

References 46 publications

Simplified All‐Solid‐State WO3 Based Electrochromic Devices on Single Substrate: Toward Large Area, Low Voltage, High Contrast, and Fast Switching Dynamics

Simplified All‐Solid‐State WO3 Based Electrochromic Devices on Single Substrate: Toward Large Area, Low Voltage, High Contrast, and Fast Switching Dynamics

Solid‐State and Flexible Black Electrochromic Devices Enabled by Ni‐Cu Salts Based Organohydrogel Electrolytes

All Solid‐State Flexible Electrochromic‐Organic Light‐Emitting Diode Devices on Single‐Plastic Substrate for See‐Through Display Technologies

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Product

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Simplified All‐Solid‐State WO₃ Based Electrochromic Devices on Single Substrate: Toward Large Area, Low Voltage, High Contrast, and Fast Switching Dynamics

Simplified All‐Solid‐State WO₃ Based Electrochromic Devices on Single Substrate: Toward Large Area, Low Voltage, High Contrast, and Fast Switching Dynamics