Room temperature nondestructive encapsulation via self-crosslinked fluorosilicone polymer enables damp heat-stable sustainable perovskite solar cells

Abstract

Encapsulation engineering is an effective strategy to improve the stability of perovskite solar cells. However, current encapsulation materials are not suitable for lead-based devices because of their complex encapsulation processes, poor thermal management, and inefficient lead leakage suppression. In this work, we design a self-crosslinked fluorosilicone polymer gel, achieving nondestructive encapsulation at room temperature. Moreover, the proposed encapsulation strategy effectively promotes heat transfer and mitigates the potential impact of heat accumulation. As a result, the encapsulated devices maintain 98% of the normalized power conversion efficiency after 1000 h in the damp heat test and retain 95% of the normalized efficiency after 220 cycles in the thermal cycling test, satisfying the requirements of the International Electrotechnical Commission 61215 standard. The encapsulated devices also exhibit excellent lead leakage inhibition rates, 99% in the rain test and 98% in the immersion test, owing to excellent glass protection and strong coordination interaction. Our strategy provides a universal and integrated solution for achieving efficient, stable, and sustainable perovskite photovoltaics.

Interaction mechanism between water molecules and perovskites

“…This interaction has been summarized as various effects on the perovskite lattices and defects, which ultimately affect the crystal quality and the optoelectronic performance of devices. With an understanding of the diverse and significant effect of water molecules, component doping, 82,83 surface modification, 84,85 optimizing photovoltaic device encapsulation, 86 and process optimization 87,88 have been employed to enhance the stability of perovskite materials and devices. For example, Hongjun Chen et al achieved robust and durable monolithic perovskite-based devices with the aid of rare-earth co-catalysts and effective charge transfer engineering at the co-catalyst interface.…”

Cross-linking strategies for efficient and highly stable perovskite solar cells

“…14c). 188 The cross-linked CFDP possess good transparency and adhesion, high barrier for water and oxygen, and superior thermal and UV stability. As a comparison, they also prepared UV resin encapsulated and polyolefin (POE)-encapsulated devices, which show inferior packaging performance as opposed to CFDP-encapsulated ones.…”

In situ polymerization of water‐induced 1,3‐phenylene diisocyanate for enhanced efficiency and stability of inverted perovskite solar cells

“…[9] The chemical stability of PSC absorbers is poor, making them susceptible to degradation due to various environmental factors such as oxygen, [10,11] ultraviolet (UV) radiation, [12] humidity, [13,14] heat, [15] and electric fields. [16,17] Significant efforts have been made to enhance the long-term stability of devices, including controlling film morphology, [18] device structure [19] or encapsulation, [20] optimizing materials, [21] and interface engineering, [22] yielding notable achievements. However, in the pursuit of robust and enduring perovskite devices, there exist pivotal challenges and corresponding research inquiries demanding attention within this burgeoning field of photovoltaic technology.…”