Room temperature magnetoelectric sensor arrays for application of detecting iron profiles in organs

Xi, Hao; Lu, Meng Chien; Yang, Qing; Zhang, Q. M.

doi:10.1016/j.sna.2020.112064

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The exchange bias provides an internal bias field and thereby paves the way to flexible and compact delta-E effect sensor arrays with many sensor elements. Only recently were sensor arrays based on magnetoelectric sensor elements reported [43][44][45][46][47], and were limited to direct magnetoelectric detection and were mostly based on macroscopic resonators. A CMOS integrated array of magnetoelastic sensor elements was presented for vector magnetometry [48], but the sensor elements were only characterized individually and without a signal and noise analysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling and Parallel Operation of Exchange-Biased Delta-E Effect Magnetometers for Sensor Arrays

Spetzler

Wiegand

Durdaut

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Recently, Delta-E effect magnetic field sensors based on exchange-biased magnetic multilayers have shown the potential of detecting low-frequency and small-amplitude magnetic fields. Their design is compatible with microelectromechanical system technology, potentially small, and therefore, suitable for arrays with a large number N of sensor elements. In this study, we explore the prospects and limitations for improving the detection limit by averaging the output of N sensor elements operated in parallel with a single oscillator and a single amplifier to avoid additional electronics and keep the setup compact. Measurements are performed on a two-element array of exchange-biased sensor elements to validate a signal and noise model. With the model, we estimate requirements and tolerances for sensor elements using larger N. It is found that the intrinsic noise of the sensor elements can be considered uncorrelated, and the signal amplitude is improved if the resonance frequencies differ by less than approximately half the bandwidth of the resonators. Under these conditions, the averaging results in a maximum improvement in the detection limit by a factor of N. A maximum N≈200 exists, which depends on the read-out electronics and the sensor intrinsic noise. Overall, the results indicate that significant improvement in the limit of detection is possible, and a model is presented for optimizing the design of delta-E effect sensor arrays in the future.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling and Parallel Operation of Exchange-Biased Delta-E Effect Magnetometers for Sensor Arrays

Spetzler

Wiegand

Durdaut

et al. 2021

Sensors

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“…The family of ultrasonic transducers encompasses piezoelectric transducers, [12,13] electromagnetic transducers, [14,15] laserdriven transducers, [16,17] acoustic emission sensors, [18] and micromachined capacitive transducers. [19] Piezoelectric transducers as we focus on in this work stand out among them in the SHM field, [20] because of their distinguished capabilities of realizing the conversion between electrical and mechanical energies in a highly efficient way.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conformable Shear Mode Transducers from Lead‐Free Piezoelectric Ceramic Coatings: An Innovative Ultrasonic Solution for Submerged Structural Health Monitoring

Yin,

Wong,

et al. 2024

Adv Funct Materials

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Shear mode‐guided ultrasonic waves are highly regarded for submerged or subterranean structural health monitoring (SHM), owing to their non‐dispersive feature and minimized acoustic energy loss when in contact with liquid or solid. High‐performance shear mode ceramic ultrasonic transducers with robustness and cost‐effectiveness are highly demanded for underwater or underground SHM applications, especially in harsh environments. However, the implementation of discrete shear mode piezoelectric ceramic ultrasonic transducers is hindered by the inconsistency with manual installation, lack of conformability on curved surfaces, and unreliable acoustic coupling between the transducers and the structure. Here, direct‐write conformable shear mode ultrasonic transducers made from piezoelectric lead‐free ceramic coatings, which are in situ produced on steel structures by a scalable thermal spray process, are proposed. The obtained lead‐free lithium‐doped potassium sodium niobate (KNN‐LN) ceramic coatings exhibit a high effective shear piezoelectric strain coefficient (d24, f) above 60 pm V−1 in a broad frequency range from 100 Hz to 200 kHz. The resulting conformable shear mode KNN‐LN ceramic coating transducers successfully showcase the functions of exciting and detecting stable shear mode ultrasonic wave signals with operation temperature exceeding 200 °C and demonstrate reliable capability in defect detection in both air and liquid environments.

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“…These sensors comprise magnetoelectric composites of mechanically coupled magnetostrictive and piezoelectric components 18,19 . They can be integrated with electronics and have shown potential for array-based applications [20][21][22][23][24] . Magnetoelectric sensors have demonstrated detection limits in the low picotesla regime through the direct magnetoelectric effect; however, their operation is either limited to macroscopic sizes of the sensor elements or high frequencies and narrow bandwidths of a few hertz around the sensor's resonance frequency 11,17,25 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Miniaturized double-wing ∆E-effect magnetic field sensors

Ilgaz,

Spetzler,

Wiegand

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Magnetoelastic micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) are integral elements of sensors, actuators, and other devices utilizing magnetostriction for their functionality. Their sensitivity typically scales with the saturation magnetostriction and inversely with magnetic anisotropy. However, large saturation magnetostriction and small magnetic anisotropy make the magnetoelastic layer highly susceptible to minuscule anisotropic stress. It is inevitably introduced during the release of the mechanical structure during fabrication and severely impairs the device’s reproducibility, performance, and yield. To avoid the transfer of residual stress to the magnetic layer, we use a shadow mask deposition technology. It is combined with a free-free magnetoelectric microresonator design to minimize the influence of magnetic inhomogeneity on device performance. Magnetoelectric resonators are experimentally and theoretically analyzed regarding local stress anisotropy, magnetic anisotropy, and the ΔE-effect sensitivity in several resonance modes. The results demonstrate an exceptionally small device-to-device variation of the resonance frequency < 0.2% with large sensitivities comparable with macroscopic ΔE-effect magnetic field sensors. This development marks a promising step towards highly reproducible magnetoelastic devices and the feasibility of large-scale, integrated arrays.

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Room temperature magnetoelectric sensor arrays for application of detecting iron profiles in organs

Cited by 6 publications

References 23 publications

Modeling and Parallel Operation of Exchange-Biased Delta-E Effect Magnetometers for Sensor Arrays

Modeling and Parallel Operation of Exchange-Biased Delta-E Effect Magnetometers for Sensor Arrays

Conformable Shear Mode Transducers from Lead‐Free Piezoelectric Ceramic Coatings: An Innovative Ultrasonic Solution for Submerged Structural Health Monitoring

Miniaturized double-wing ∆E-effect magnetic field sensors

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