Roman blue-green bottle glass: chemical–optical analysis and high temperature viscosity modelling

Glass Making in the Greco-Roman World: Results of the ARCHGLASS project

“…The second method uses the fundamental geological properties of the artefact to predict a potential origin in the absence of comparative material (Freestone et al, n.d.). The former method relies on the existing chemical and isotopic data collected from various Roman glass assemblages, such as the composition of glass collected from the Roman furnaces in Egypt (Nenna et al, 2000); the small scale production from York, England (Bingham and Jackson, 2008;Jackson et al, 2003b); or the detailed evidence from the 4 th century glass possibly made at Hambach, Germany (Wedepohl and Baumann, 2000;Wedepohl et al, 2011a); as well as the detailed studies undertaken on 4 th -5 th century HIMT glass and 4 th -8 th century Levantine glass (Freestone, 2001;Freestone et al, 2002b). The second method utilises isotopic studies, particularly of Sr and Nd, to infer the likely locations of glassmaking sands and therefore the location of the primary furnaces in which the raw glass was made (Freestone et al, n.d.).…”

PIXE–PIGE investigation of Roman Imperial vessels and window glass from Mt. Kosmaj, Serbia (Moesia Superior)

“…This confirms the earlier observations made by Jackson (2005) and Silvestri et al (2008) that for colourless glass discoloured with antimony very pure sand rich in quartz and poor with feldspar and clay minerals was used. For the rest of the samples MnO varies between 0.24% and 0.62% and Sb 2 O 3 is present in all samples in the range (balsamaria Isings (1957) 28b) show the same range of MnO and Sb 2 O 3 as the coloured samples so indicating that the atmosphere in the kiln was the main factor for their colouring/discolouring (Bingham and Jackson, 2008). Somewhat elevated levels of PbO (more than 100 μg/g) are observed in all samples of this group.…”

“…11 has 0.28% Sb 2 O 3 and 0.91% of MnO. This should be sufficient to discolour the glass with 0.58% Fe 2 O 3 , so it seems that it was the atmosphere in the glass kiln that was responsible for the pale blue colour of this sample (Bingham and Jackson, 2008).…”

“…Kosmaj the amount of SO 3 (0.31-2.35%) is generally higher than the values commonly observed in Roman glasses found in literature. Besides the fact that sulphur and chlorine are present as constituents of natron minerals and that it can lower the melting temperature of the melting butch (Bingham and Jackson, 2008), the observed values may be the result of contamination. High sulphur values were only obtained for the glass vessels, which were analysed on the original surface just cleaned with alcohol, while the window glass was polished for the analysis (It should be noted that We also checked that high sulphur values may result due to M lines of lead, misinterpreted as sulphur K lines.…”

Vidrios romanos de Bracara Augusta (Portugal): Análisis Arqueométrico = Roman glass from Bracara Augusta (Portugal): Archaeometric analysys

“…Algunos elementos tales como Cu, Se, Co, Pb, Fe, Sb y Cr se han utilizado como elementos cromóforos en vidrios (Costagliola et al 2000;Verità et al 2002;Bingham y Jackson 2007;Carmona et al 2008;La Delfa et al 2008;Carmona et al 2009) y se han explicado las variaciones de su contenido en las muestras estudiadas. Por otro lado, los compuestos como los óxidos de antimonio o de manganeso se podrían haber agregado para modificar el color o decolorar el vidrio (Sayre y Smith 1967;Rehren et al 2015), de modo que el color final es el resultado de esa decoloración, además de, en el caso del Mn, estar condicionado por la atmósfera del horno (reductora/oxidante).…”