Rolling contact fatigue and wear fundamentals for rolling bearing diagnostics - state of the art

Abstract

Rolling bearing operation is affected by friction, wear and lubrication mechanisms, fluid dynamics and lubricant rheology, material properties, and contact mechanics. Changes in rolling surfaces occur due to plastic deformation, rolling contact wear, and rolling contact fatigue. Wear particles can be formed and mixed into the lubricant. Increased levels of vibrations due to surface degradation can be monitored by sensors. Rolling contact wear and rolling contact fatigue during rolling bearing operation can be diagnosed by combining measured and interpreted condition monitoring data with theory, and conclusions drawn thereof can support a continuous prognosis for the remaining bearing life. In the present work, connections between bearing diagnostics and tribological mechanisms are outlined.

Adaptive Empirical Mode Decomposition for Bearing Fault Detection

“…The bearing fault detection problems are generally concerned with algorithms and models in order to detect increased vibration amplitudes at the nominal frequencies. The envelope analysis is a well-known and easy method for bearing fault detection and reported in various research, such as in [1]. This paragraph concentrates on the stateof-the-art techniques that use the EMD method for fault detection of rotating machines, especially for bearings.…”

“…There are a number of mechanisms leading to bearing failures such as fatigue damage, wear damage, plastic deformation, corrosion, mechanical damage, and lubrication deficiency [1] to [3]. The most common faults on bearing components are fatigue damage including wear, pitting, and spalling.…”

“…The nominal frequencies corresponding to bearing components are calculated by Eqs. (1) to (4). The vibration signal from each pulse presents the ringing of the bearing at its resonance frequency, also called ringing pulse frequency.…”

An extensive review of vibration modelling of rolling element bearings with localised and extended defects

“…Once a localised defect (a spall) is created on either 825 raceway of a bearing due to surface fatigue [3-5, [129][130][131][132], the continuous and repetitive passage of the 826 rolling elements over the spall results in the generation of impulsive (contact) forces during the re-stressing 827 of the rolling elements [76][77][78][79]. This cyclic operation wears the edges, especially the trailing edge, of the 828 spall causing it to gradually grow or expand in size, and results in the generation of an extended defect 829 [306].…”

“…DOF model considered the outer and inner rings of the bearing as rigidly connected to the housing and 424 shaft, respectively, the nonlinear Hertzian contact deformation [134][135][136] at the rolling elements-to-raceway 425 contact interfaces, and the EHL fluid film in the rolling contacts [131,[195][196][197][198][199][200][201]. In addition to modelling 426 the localised line spalls on the outer and inner raceways, surface waviness (one of the distributed defects 427 ) of the raceways was also considered.…”