Roles of Water for Chemical Reactions in High-Temperature Water

Abstract

Figure 11. Experimental rate constant for MTBE hydrolysis in HTW. (Reprinted with permission from ref 137.

Ultrafast electronic spectroscopy for chemical analysis near liquid water interfaces: concepts and applications

“…Supercritical (sc) water plays an important role in many areas ranging from high temperature chemistry [59], hazardous waste treatment, technical processes and maybe the origin of life [60]. The dynamics of water and solutes have been studied mostly in static cells with spectroscopic techniques in the time [61] and frequency domain [59].…”

Online integrated fractionation-hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass using sub- and supercritical water

“…These reactions can be managed 84 using pressurized water and choosing the adequate reaction conditions. For example, at 85 temperatures between 200ºC and 300ºC (250 bar) the water molecules are highly dissociated 86 favoring the ionic reactions, like the production of 5-HMF from fructose and glucose [1]. On the 87 other hand, at 400ºC (250 bar) the water molecules are highly associated favoring the non-ionic 88 reactions, like the retro aldol condensation reactions [1].…”

Solvent Effect of Water on Supercritical Water Treatment of Heavy Oil

“…Thus, an upgrading process using supercritical water (SCW), with no catalysts or additives, also has potential 2), 3) . SCW is water at or above its critical temperature (374 ) and pressure (22 MPa) and acts as a unique medium for organic chemical reactions 4) . An upgrading test has been performed using a bench-scale SCW cracking unit, and the next phase was recently scheduled using a demonstration unit 5) .…”